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"0:8< >1@07><, <>6=> AG8B0BL, GB> =5B 4>AB0B>G=KE >A=>20=89 4;O :0B53>@8G5A:>3> @073@0=8G5=8O 8=B5;;5:B0 8 <KH;5=8O. -B> 8 ?>4G5@:8205BAO >?@545;5=85< ?>=OB8O 8=B5;;5:B, ?@82>48<K< 2 B@5BL5< 8740=88 !- (B. 10, 1972, AB@. 311): =B5;;5:B  A?>A>1=>ABL <KH;5=8O, @0F8>=0;L=>3> ?>7=0=8O, 2 >B;8G85 >B B0:8E, =0?@8<5@, 4CH52=KE A?>A>1=>AB59, :0: GC2AB2>, 2>;O, 8=BC8F8O, 2>>1@065=85 8B.4. 0;55 B0< 65 A:070=>, GB> 2 1>;55 H8@>:>< ?;0=5 8=B5;;5:B 2KABC?05B :0: A8=>=8< <KH;5=8O. 0B8=A:>5 A;>2> intellectus 2 !- B@0:BC5BAO :0: ?>=8<0=85, ?>7=0=85, @0AAC4>: 8 @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: ?5@52>4 =0 ;0B8=A:89 O7K: 4@52=53@5G5A:>3> ?>=OB8O =CA (C<). !CI5AB2CNB 2=0?@02;5=8O 2 ?>=8<0=88 <5E0=87<>2 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8  ;>:0;870F8>=8ABA:>5 8 M:28?>B5=F80;8ABA:>5. @54AB028B5;8 ;>:0;870F8>=8ABA:>3> =0?@02;5=8O AG8B0;8, GB> 8<55BAO <=>65AB2> F5=B@>2, 45OB5;L=>ABL :>B>@KE :>@@5;8@C5BAO 8 8=B53@8@C5BAO =5:8< >@30=><, @0A?>;030NI8<AO 2 ;>1=KE >B45;0E 3>;>2=>3> <>730 (Blanchi, 1922). "0:8< >1@07><, 2 ;>1=KE 4>;OE, ?> ?@54AB02;5=8N ;>:0;870F8>=8AB>2, @0A?>;0305BAO 2KAH89 C@>25=L 8=B53@0F88 8=B5;;5:B0, ?@>872>4OI89 70:;NG8B5;L=K9 A8=B57 @57C;LB0B>2 45OB5;L=>AB8 A5=A>@=KE CG0AB:>2 :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730. @54AB02;5=8O M:28?>B5=F80;8AB>2 =081>;55 G5B:> @07@01>B0=K Lashley (1933): 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 2K@01>B0==>3> ?@5645 C 682>B=>3> ;018@8=B=>3> =02K:0, :>B>@K9 @0AA<0B@820;AO 8< :0: ?@>O2;5=85 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, =5 7028A8B >B ;>:0;870F88 M:AB8@?8@C5<>3> CG0AB:0 :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730, 0 >?@545;O5BAO <0AA82=>ABLN ?>@065=8O. "0:8< >1@07><, 8=B5;;5:B ?> Lashley O2;O5BAO @57C;LB0B>< 45OB5;L=>AB8 <>730 2 F5;><. 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inet (1905, 1911) @07@01>B0; ?>=OB85 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K9 2>7@0AB.  A2O78 A MB8< 8=>AB@0==K5 ?A8E>;>38 G0AB> ?@>2>48;8 ?A8E><5B@8G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O 8=B5;;5:B0. Stern (1911) 225; ?>=OB85 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K9 :>MDD8F85=B, O:>1K 2 ?@>F5=B=>< 2K@065=88 ?>:07K20NI55 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 A CG5B>< 2>7@0AB0 >1A;54C5<>3>. @8 MB>< 70 A@54=85 ?>:070B5;8 ?@8=8<0;8AL @57C;LB0BK <0AA>2KE 8AA;54>20=89, ?@>2545==KE A ?><>ILN B5AB>2.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 1>;LH8=AB2> 8AA;54>20B5;59 AG8B0NB, GB> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K9 :>MDD8F85=B A>>B25BAB2C5B =5 AB>;L:> 8=B5;;5:BC, A:>;L:> ?@8>1@5B5==K< 2 B5G5=85 687=8 7=0=8O< 8 C<5=8O<. > <=5=8N Anastasi (1949), 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K9 :>MDD8F85=B  MB> =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: =5:89 AC<<0@=K9 M<?8@8G5A:89 ?>:070B5;L 2K?>;=5=8O @O40 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=KE 7040=89. "0:8< >1@07><, ?> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=><C :>MDD8F85=BC <>6=> ;8HL :>A25==> AC48BL >1 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>< C@>2=5, B5< 1>;55 GB> MB>B ?>:070B5;L =5 >B@0605B A2>5>1@078O 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. "0:, =0?@8<5@, @57C;LB0BK 8AA;54>20=8O 8=B5;;5:B0 ?> H:0;5 5:A;5@0 8 A ?><>ILN B01;8F 025=0 40;5:> =5 2A5340 A>2?040NB, B0: :0: <5B>4 025=0 2 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 ?>72>;O5B >F5=8BL B2>@G5A:85 :><?>=5=BK <KH;5=8O >1A;54C5<>3>.  @>;8 B5AB>2KE 8AA;54>20=89 8=B5;;5:B0 2 70@C156=>9 ?A8E>;>388 A2845B5;LAB2C5B D0:B ?>?KB>: B0: =07K205<>3> >?5@0B82=>3> >?@545;5=8O ?>=OB8O 8=B5;;5:B: 8=B5;;5:B  MB> B>, GB> <>6=> 87<5@8BL A ?><>ILN A?5F80;L=KE B5AB>2. A;8 CG5ABL G0AB> =54>AB0B>G=CN =0?@02;5==>ABL MB8E B5AB>2 8 8E >4=>AB>@>==>ABL, B> AB0=>28BAO ?>=OB=>9 <5B>4>;>38G5A:0O ?>@>G=>ABL B0:>3> @>40 >?@545;5=8O 8=B5;;5:B0, 2 :>B>@>< >4=> =58725AB=>5 2K2>48BAO 87 4@C3>3>. A>15==K5 B@C4=>AB8 2>7=8:0NB ?@8 >F5=:5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> C@>2=O =5:>B>@KE ;8F, :0: 1K =0E>4OI8EAO =0 3@0=8 <564C =>@<>9 8 ?0B>;>3859. >=OB85 ?>3@0=8G=K9 :;0AA 2 8725AB=>9 <5@5 =825;8@C5B @07=>>1@0785 D>@< ?@>O2;5=8O 8=B5;;5:B0 C B0:8E ;N459. 5:>B>@K5 ?A8E80B@K 2 B0:8E A;CG0OE 3>2>@OB > D878>;>38G5A:>9 3;C?>AB8 (Bilikiewicz, 1960, Lemke, 1960). $878>;>38G5A:CN 3;C?>ABL, 38?>D@5=8N Bilikiewicz @0AA<0B@8205B :0: =86=NN 3@0=8FC =>@<0;L=>3> 8=B5;;5:B0, =5 O2;ONICNAO 5I5, >4=0:>, ?A8E>?0B>;>38G5A:8< O2;5=85<.  =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE @07=>284=>ABLN B0:>9 3;C?>AB8 O2;O5BAO A0;>==>5 A;01>C<85 (.Bleuler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eili (1928) =0 >A=>20=88 <0B5@80;>2 8AA;54>20=89 A ?><>ILN ?@54;>65==>3> 8< 0=0;8B8G5A:>3> B5AB0 @07;8G05B ?OBL B8?8G=KE ?@>D8;59 8=B5;;5:B0: ;>38G5A:8-D>@<0;L=K9, >1@07=>-:>=:@5B=K9, 0=0;8B8G5A:89, B2>@G5A:89 8 @02=><5@=> @0728B>9 8=B5;;5:B. Lemke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aspers (1913), :>B>@0O 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O A8AB5<0B8:8 A8=4@><>2 A;01>C<8O. > Jaspers, @07;8G0NB ?@54?>AK;:8 8=B5;;5:B0, A>1AB25==> 8=B5;;5:B 8 ?A8E8G5A:89 8=25=B0@L. @54?>AK;:8 8=B5;;5:B0  MB> >B45;L=K5 ?A8E8G5A:85 DC=:F88, B0:85 :0: ?0<OBL, 2=8<0=85, =5:>B>@K5 <5E0=87<K <>B>@=KE ?@>O2;5=89, B5<? DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O, C?@06=O5<>ABL 8 CB><;O5<>ABL, @5G520O >40@5==>ABL. 0@CH5=85 ?@54?>AK;>: 8=B5;;5:B0 <>65B ?@5?OBAB2>20BL 53> ?@>O2;5=8N, E>BO A0< 8=B5;;5:B ?@8 MB>< <>65B 1KBL =5 ?>@065=. !>1AB25==> 8=B5;;5:B A>AB>8B 87 ?>GB8 =5>3@0=8G5==>3> @O40 A?>A>1=>AB59 8 DC=:F89  A?>A>1=>ABL : ;>38G5A:><C <KH;5=8N, 01AB@038@>20=8N, :><18=0B>@8:5, =0E>4G82>ABL, >AB@>C<85, A?>A>1=>ABL 2GC2AB2>20BLAO, >@838=0;L=>ABL <KH;5=8O 8B.?. A8E8G5A:89 8=25=B0@L (7=0=8O) =5 2A5340 A>>B25BAB2C5B A>1AB25==> 8=B5;;5:BC. "0:, ?@8 2@>645==>9 =54>AB0B>G=>AB8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> C@>2=O G0I5 2A53> =01;N405BAO 8 154=K9 70?0A 7=0=89, B>340 :0: ?@8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>< A=865=88, ?@8G8=>9 :>B>@>3> O28;>AL ?5@5=5A5==>5 701>;520=85 3>;>2=>3> <>730, <>65B A>E@0=OBLAO C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=K9 ?A8E8G5A:89 8=25=B0@L, E>BO 8 ?@8 7=0G8B5;L=>< >A;01;5=88 A?>A>1=>AB59. "0:8< >1@07><, Jaspers @073@0=8G8205B 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 A?>A>1=>AB8 8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 4>AB865=8O. -B>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O ?@845@6820NBAO 8 @O4 A>2@5<5==KE 70@C156=KE ?A8E>;>3>2, @07;8G0NI8E 8=B5;;5:B 2@>645==K9, =5A?5F8D8G5A:89 8 ?@8>1@5B5==K9 (Wechsler, 1935; Bromley, 1966). =8 AG8B0NB, GB> 4>AB865=8O, ?@8>1@5B5==K9 8=B5;;5:B 7028AOB >B 70?0A0 7=0=89, 687=5==>3> >?KB0, >B45;L=KE :0G5AB2 ;8G=>AB8. @8 AB0@5=88 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 4>AB865=8O 4;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O A>E@0=ONBAO, 0 A?>A>1=>ABL : >2;045=8N =>2K<8 ?>=OB8O<8 8 : 8A?>;L7>20=8N 8E 2 =>2KE A;>6=KE A8BC0F8OE A=860NBAO.  7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 MB> 45;5=85 =0 ?@8>1@5B5==K9 8 2@>645==K9 8=B5;;5:B CA;>2=>, B0: :0: 8AA;54>20=8O<8 A>25BA:8E ?A8E>;>3>2 ?>:070=0 2>7<>6=>ABL 2;8O=8O =0 @0728B85 A?>A>1=>AB59, >B=>A8<KE : 2@>645==><C 8=B5;;5:BC (..0=:>2, 1963; .!.5@;8=, 1970). =B5;;5:BC0;L=0O 45OB5;L=>ABL, <KH;5=85 O2;O5BAO =081>;55 2KA>:>9 8 A;>6=>9 D>@<>9 >B@065=8O 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 ?A8E8:>9 G5;>25:0, ?>7=0=8O >:@C60NI59 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 8 A0<>?>7=0=8O. !>25BA:0O ?A8E>;>38O @0AA<0B@8205B <KH;5=85 :0: @57C;LB0B >1I5AB25==>3> @0728B8O, CG8BK20O ?@8 MB>< 8 53> 8=48284C0;L=K5 >A>15==>AB8. K45;ONB @O4 >A=>2=KE <KA;8B5;L=KE >?5@0F89  A@02=5=85, 0=0;87, A8=B57, >1>1I5=85 8 >B2;5G5=85.  ?@>F5AA5 <KH;5=8O <K A@02=8205< ?>=OB8O, CAB0=02;8205< 8E AE>4AB2>, B>645AB2> 8;8 @07;8G85. !@02=820O, G5;>25: A>?>AB02;O5B ?@87=0:8 ?@54<5B>2 8;8 O2;5=89, ?@815305B : 8E 0=0;87C. @8 MB>< CAB0=02;8205BAO 7=0G5=85 ?@87=0:0, 53> 206=>ABL 4;O ?@>F5AA0 A@02=5=8O  ?5@2>AB5?5==>3> 8;8 2B>@>AB5?5==>3> 7=0G5=8O MB>B ?@87=0:, ;568B ;8 >= =0 ?>25@E=>AB8 8;8 O2;O5BAO A:@KBK<, ;0B5=B=K<. =0;87 ?@87=0:>2 ?@54<5B0 8;8 O2;5=8O ?>72>;O5B >B>1@0BL =081>;55 206=K5.  @57C;LB0B5 A8=B570, >B2;5:0OAL >B =5ACI5AB25==KE ?@87=0:>2, 01AB@038@CO ACI5AB25==K5, G5;>25: ?@>872>48B >1>1I5=85. !>740NBAO ?>=OB8O, >A2>1>645==K5 >B =5ACI5AB25==KE ?@87=0:>2, >1>1I5==K5, 01AB@0:B=K5. !B5?5=L 01AB@038@>20=8O 2>7@0AB05B ?> <5@5 CA;>6=5=8O ?@>F5AA0 >1>1I5=8O. @87=0:8 :0:8E-;81> O2;5=89, :>B>@K5 83@0;8 ACI5AB25==CN @>;L ?@8 ?5@5E>45 >B 548=8G=>3> : >1I5<C, =5@54:> B5@ONB A2>N 0:BC0;L=>ABL ?@8 ?>A;54CNI5< >1>1I5=88 8 ?5@5E>45 >B >1I53> : 2A5>1I5<C. !?>A>1=>ABL : >1>1I5=8N 8 >B2;5G5=8N, 01AB@038@>20=8N O2;O5BAO >4=8< 87 >A=>2=KE :@8B5@852 C@>2=O 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, E0@0:B5@87C5B >?5@0F8>==CN AB>@>=C <KH;5=8O (..5930@=8:, 1969). 1AB@0:B=>-;>38G5A:89 B8? <KH;5=8O O2;O5BAO >A=>2=K<, =081>;55 3;C1>:> @0728BK< 8 A?5F8D8G5A:8 G5;>25G5A:8<; >= 83@05B 7=0G8B5;L=> 1>;LHCN @>;L, G5< >1@07=>5 <KH;5=85, ;81> =03;O4=>-459AB25==>5 <KH;5=85, 8;8 8=BC8F8O. @8 8AA;54>20=88 8=B5;;5:B0 A ?><>ILN M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:8E <5B>48: ?@5645 2A53> >?@545;ONB C >1A;54C5<>3> C@>25=L ?@>F5AA>2 >1>1I5=8O 8 >B2;5G5=8O. 0AA<0B@820O ?@>F5AA >1>1I5=8O =0 @07=KE AB048OE >=B>35=570, ..>;LF>20 (1967) C:07K205B, GB> 2K45;5==K5 ?@8 0=0;875 A2>9AB20 ?@54<5B0 (O2;5=8O) 8;8 A@07C 65 8<5NB @07=CN D878>;>38G5A:CN 7=0G8<>ABL 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B A8;K 2K7K205<>9 8<8 >@85=B8@>2>G=>9 @50:F88 (MB> >B=>A8BAO : >1>1I5=8N =0 C@>2=5 ?5@2>9 A83=0;L=>9 A8AB5<K), 8;8 ?>;CG0NB @07=>5 D878>;>38G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 2 A2O78 A @57C;LB0B0<8 @07=>9 AB5?5=8 ?>4:@5?;5=8O (>1>1I5=85 =0 C@>2=5 2B>@>9 A83=0;L=>9 A8AB5<K). @028;L=>ABL <KH;5=8O ?@>25@O5BAO @57C;LB0B0<8, A>>B=5A5=85< 53> @57C;LB0B>2 A ?@0:B8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN G5;>25:0. ..5=8= >E0@0:B5@87>20; ?CBL ?>7=0=8O A;>20<8: B 682>3> A>75@F0=8O : 01AB@0:B=><C <KH;5=8N 8 >B =53> : ?@0:B8:5& 0@CH5=8O 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, <KH;5=8O O2;ONBAO ?@8G8=>9 =5?@028;L=>3>, 8A:065==>3> >B@065=8O 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, ?@8<5@>< G53> O2;O5BAO :;8=8:0 A>AB>O=89, >?@545;O5<KE :0: A;01>C<85.!#.   /"/  " ' " !%+% !!"/  HYPERLINK "http://psychiatry.ru/library/lib/show.php4?id=90" ;8=8:0 ?@8>1@5B5==>3> A;01>C<8O . . ;59E5@ >4 A;01>C<85< ?>=8<0NB AB>9:>5, <0;> >1@0B8<>5 A=865=85 C@>2=O ?A8E8G5A:>9, 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. "0:>5 >?@545;5=85 ?>=OB8O A;01>C<85 ?>AB>O==> O2;O5BAO >1J5:B>< 48A:CAA89. ;02=K< >1@07>< A?>@K 2K7K20NB 420 2>?@>A0: >1CA;>2;5=> A;01>C<85 ?>@065=85< >4=>3> ;8HL 8=B5;;5:B0 8;8 8 4@C38E AB>@>= ?A8E8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, 0 B0:65 =0A:>;L:> >1O70B5;L=K 4;O A;01>C<8O ?>AB>O=AB2> 8 =5>1@0B8<>ABL >1@07>202H59AO 2 @57C;LB0B5 1>;57=5==>3> ?@>F5AA0 ?A8E>?0B>;>38G5A:>9 :0@B8=K (@5GL 845B > ?@8>1@5B5==>< A;01>C<88, 45<5=F88). > 2>?@>AC > AC1AB@0B5 45<5=F88 2KA:07K20;8AL ?@>B82>@5G82K5 <=5=8O. O4 8AA;54>20B5;59 45<5=F8N @0AA<0B@820NB :0: AB>9:89 45D5:B 8=B5;;5:B0 (Jaspers, 1913; Gruhle, 1922; Stertz, 1928). <5==> B0:>3> @>40 =5>1@0B8<>5 A=865=85 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> C@>2=O Gruhle AG8B05B 8AB8==>9 45<5=F859, ?@>B82>?>AB02;OO 59 ?A8E8G5A:CN =54>AB0B>G=>ABL, >1CA;>2;5==CN 0DD5:B82=K<8 =0@CH5=8O<8, B0: =07K205<>5 0DD5:B82=>5 A;01>C<85. 0 MB8E 65 ?>78F8OE =0E>48;AO 8 Stertz, CB25@6402H89, GB> 45<5=F8O  MB> ?5@28G=>5 A=865=85 8=B5;;5:B0, B>340 :0: 2 A2O78 A 0DD5:B82=K<8 ?5@56820=8O<8, 30;;NF8=0F8O<8 2>7<>6=> 8 2B>@8G=>5 >A;01;5=85 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=KE DC=:F89. 5:>B>@K5 8AA;54>20B5;8 45<5=F8N ?>=8<0;8 :0: ?>@065=85 A>1AB25==> 8=B5;;5:B0, 0 =5 53> ?@54?>AK;>:. #;CGH5=85 ?A8E8G5A:>3> A>AB>O=8O 1>;L=KE ?@>3@5AA82=K< ?0@0;8G>< ?>A;5 <0;O@8>B5@0?88 >1JOA=O;>AL C;CGH5=85< DC=:F88 ?@54?>AK;>: 8=B5;;5:B0. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, 5I5 A> 2@5<5=8 Esquirol (1814) AC1AB@0B 45<5=F88 @O4 ?A8E80B@>2 ?>=8<0;8 7=0G8B5;L=> H8@5, ?@8 MB>< >A>1>5 2=8<0=85 2 ?@>8AE>645=88 45<5=F88 C45;O;>AL 0DD5:B82=>-;8G=>AB=>9 ?0B>;>388. 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A2O78 A MB8< A;54C5B @0AA<>B@5BL 8 A>>B=>H5=85 ?>=OB89 A;01>C<85 8 45D5:B. KH5 C:07K20;>AL, GB> A;01>C<85 @O4 ?A8E80B@>2 B@0:BCNB :0: 45D5:B 8=B5;;5:B0. "5@<8= 45D5:B 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 8=>340 C?>B@51;O5BAO 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O 2AO:>3>, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 2@5<5==>3>, 45D5:B=>3> A>AB>O=8O. 4=0:> G0I5 2A53> > 45D5:B5 3>2>@OB :0: > =5>1@0B8<>< =0@CH5=88 ?A8E8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. 5A><=5==>, A;01>C<85 O2;O5BAO >4=>9 87 @07=>284=>AB59 ?A8E8G5A:>3> 45D5:B0. 4=0:> MB8 ?>=OB8O =5 2A5340 A>2?040NB. >=OB85 45D5:B H8@5, G5< ?>=OB85 A;01>C<85. "0:, 8725AB=>, GB> 45D5:B ?@8 H87>D@5=88 =0ABC?05B @0=>, 8=>340 >?@545;O5BAO 2 >AB@>9 AB0488, 8=>340 2 A>AB>O=88 @5<8AA88 (..-45;LHB59=, 1938). '0I5 2A53> 2 B0:8E A;CG0OE 45D5:B =5 70B@038205B 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=CN AD5@C, 0 ?@>O2;O5BAO 0DD5:B82=>-;8G=>AB=K<8 87<5=5=8O<8. "0:8< >1@07><, :0@B8=0 ?A8E8G5A:>3> 45D5:B0 =5 <>65B 1KBL :20;8D8F8@>20=0 :0: A;01>C<85. 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ermeylen 8 Verdaeck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eitbrecht, 1962, 1963; Zech, 1963). 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A;CG0OE =5;5G5=>3> ?@>3@5AA82=>3> ?0@0;8G0 >@30=8G5A:0O A8<?B><0B8:0 =5C:;>==> ?@>3@5AA8@C5B 8 2KB5A=O5B DC=:F8>=0;L=K5 M;5<5=BK 87 :;8=8G5A:>9 :0@B8=K.  G0AB=>AB8, C65 2 =0G0;5 701>;520=8O >B<5G05BAO E0@0:B5@=>5 ?0@0;8B8G5A:>5 ;53:><KA;85 A ?@8ACI8<8 5<C A;01>4CH85<, 2=CH05<>ABLN, ?>25@E=>AB=>ABLN AC645=89, ?@8 ?@>3@5AA8@>20=88 701>;520=8O ;8G=>ABL :0: 1K @07<K205BAO, 2 @57C;LB0B5 G53> A8=4@>< 45<5=F88 B5@O5B A2>5>1@0785. "..>@4>20 (1959) ?>:070;0, GB> C ;5G5=KE 1>;L=KE ?@>3@5AA82=K< ?0@0;8G>< 2 @O45 A;CG052 :;8=8G5A:0O :0@B8=0 AB018;878@>20;0AL. @8 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>< 8AA;54>20=88 8=B5;;5:B0 02B>@ CAB0=>28;0, GB> C MB8E 1>;L=KE 8AG570NB :>;510=8O 2 AB5?5=8 2K@065==>AB8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=KE =0@CH5=89, =01;N402H85AO 4> ;5G5=8O 8 E0@0:B5@=K5 4;O =5;5G5=KE 1>;L=KE. 4=0:> C ?>A;54=8E G0AB> B@C4=> >?@545;8BL AB5?5=L A=865=8O 8=B5;;5:B0, B0: :0: ?>2B>@=K5 8AA;54>20=8O 40NB @07=>@5G82K5 40==K5. -B> >1AB>OB5;LAB2>, 0 B0:65 @53@5485=B=>5 B5G5=85 @O40 ?A8E>?0B>;>38G5A:8E A8<?B><>2 40;8 "..>@4>2>9 >A=>20=8O 3>2>@8BL > B><, GB> <=>385 ?@87=0:8 >AB@>9 AB0488 ?@>3@5AA82=>3> ?0@0;8G0 A2O70=K A 48=0<8G5A:8<8 =0@CH5=8O<8 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8.  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"0:8< >1@07><, = 745AL @5GL 845B > DC=:F8>=0;L=KE =0@CH5=8OE 45OB5;L=>AB8 3>;>2=>3> <>730, =5@54:> ?@54H5AB2CNI8E >@30=8G5A:8<. 1@0B8<>ABL 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> A=865=8O 2 MB8E A;CG0OE 7028A8B >B B>3>, =0 :0:>9 AB0488 701>;520=8O ?@54?@8=OB> >?5@0B82=>5 2<5H0B5;LAB2>. ..10H52->=AB0=B8=>2A:89 (1973) >?8A0; :0@B8=C 45<5=F88 C 1>;L=>9 A >?CE>;LN ;>1=>-1070;L=>9 >1;0AB8 (>;LD0:B>@=0O <5=8=38><0), C :>B>@>9 ?>A;5 >?5@0F88 A>E@0=8;8AL AB018;L=K5 O2;5=8O 0<=5AB8G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O. @>3@5485=B=> >A;01>C<;820NI89 ?@>F5AA MB>B 02B>@ =01;N40; 8 ?@8 >?CE>;OE 28A>G=>9 ;>:0;870F88. 1@0B8<>ABL A>AB>O=89 45<5=F88 O2;O5BAO ;8HL >4=8< 87 ?@>O2;5=89 1>;55 A;>6=>9 ?@>1;5<K > A>>B=>H5=88 2 ?@>F5AA5 AB0=>2;5=8O 45<5=F88 DC=:F8>=0;L=KE 8 >@30=8G5A:8E 87<5=5=89 45OB5;L=>AB8 3>;>2=>3> <>730. !;01>C<85 2A5340 =5>1@0B8<>, >=> O2;O5BAO >B@065=85< >@30=8G5A:>3> 45AB@C:B82=>3> ?@>F5AA0.  @O45 A;CG052 B@C4=> >B48DD5@5=F8@>20BL AB>9:85, =5>1@0B8<K5, >@30=8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==K5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 =0@CH5=8O, A>AB02;ONI85 O4@> 45<5=F88, >B CG0AB2CNI8E 2 >D>@<;5=88 55 2=5H=59 :0@B8=K DC=:F8>=0;L=KE @0AAB@>9AB2. A>15==> A;>6=> MB> A45;0BL ?@8 @53@5485=B-=>< B5G5=88 >A;01>C<;820NI53> ?@>F5AA0. ?@545;5=85 B5G5=8O 45<5=F88 :0: @53@5485=B=>3> 2 8725AB=>9 <5@5 CA;>2=>, B0: :0: >=> ?@54?>;0305B 2 8AE>45 D>@<8@>20=85 AB>9:>3> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> 45D5:B0. 53@5485=B=>ABL 65 ?@8ACI0 ;8HL 8725AB=>9 AB0488 701>;520=8O, A;54CNI59 70 >AB@K< A>AB>O=85<. ! >1@0B8<>ABLN 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> A=865=8O A2O70= 8<5NI89 206=>5 ?@0:B8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 2>?@>A > A>>B=>H5=88 45<5=F88 A> AB04859 F5@51@0;L=>3> ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. 45AL @5GL 845B > :@8B5@8OE 4803=>AB8:8 A;01>C<8O 2 B5G5=85 701>;520=8O. Kraepelin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onhoeffer (1910) >1 M:7>35==KE B8?0E @50:F88, ?>A:>;L:C <=>385 A8=4@><K >@30=8G5A:>9 45<5=F88 (70 8A:;NG5=85< 45<5=F88 ?5@28G=> 0B@>D8G5A:>3> 35=570 8 M?8;5?B8G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O) O2;ONBAO A;54AB285< B0:>3> @>40 M:7>35==KE 701>;520=89. 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Hoff 8 Berner (1969) 2K45;8;8 0B8?8G=K5 A8=4@><K MB8E @50:F89  38?5@5AB5B8G5A:8-M<>F8>=0;L=CN A;01>ABL, @0AAB@>9AB20 =0AB@>5=8O (<0=80:0;L=K5, 45?@5AA82=K5, 48AD>@88 8;8 @565 M9D>@88), 30;;NF8=0B>@=>-1@54>2K5 A>AB>O=8O, D>18G5A:8-0=0=:0AB8G5A:85 :0@B8=K 8 8AB5@8D>@<=K5 A>AB>O=8O. -B8 A8=4@><K .Bleuler (1969) @0AA<0B@8205B :0: A4283 A>7=0=8O. .!.25@1CE (1965) C:07K20;, GB> 4;O A><0B>35==KE ?A8E>7>2 =5>1O70B5;L=K 2 :0G5AB25 A?5F8D8G5A:>3> 8 >1;830B=>3> ?5@28G=>3> ?@>O2;5=8O =0@CH5=8O A>7=0=8O. > 53> =01;N45=8O<, 4;O A>AC48ABKE, 8 2 G0AB=>AB8 38?5@B>=8G5A:8E ?A8E>7>2, 1>;55 E0@0:B5@=0 @50:F8O AB@0E0, =5 8A:;NG0NI0O 2>7<>6=>AB8 @5038@>20=8O ?> B8?C A8=4@><>2 =0@CH5==>3> A>7=0=8O. .Bleuler (1920) 8 .Bleuler (1969) 3>2>@OB > E@>=8G5A:8E M:7>35==>3> B8?0 @50:F8OE, E0@0:B5@87CNI8E E@>=8G5A:85 M:7>35==>->@30=8G5A:85 ?>@065=8O 3>;>2=>3> <>730. .Bleuler : >@30=8G5A:8< ?A8E>70< >B=>A8; ?@>3@5AA82=K9 ?0@0;8G, AB0@G5A:>5 A;01>C<85 8 8=B>:A8:0F8>==K5 ?A8E>7K, ?@>B5:0NI85 A :>@A0:>2A:8< A8=4@><><. A5< 8<, AG8B0;  Bleuler, ?@8ACI >@30=8G5A:89 A8=4@>< 8;8 :>@A0:>2A:89 A8<?B><>:><?;5:A. .Bleuler, C:07K20O, GB> >?@545;5=85 MB>3> A8=4@><0 :0: :>@A0:>2A:>3> AC68205B 53> :;8=8G5A:85 @0<:8 8 G@57<5@=> ?>4G5@:8205B @>;L ?0B>;>388 ?0<OB8, ?@54;>68; B5@<8= >@30=8G5A:89 ?A8E>A8=4@><. > .Bleuler, >@30=8G5A:89 A8=4@><, 4;O :>B>@>3> B8?8G=0 =0AB>OI0O A;01>ABL 8=B5;;5:B0, <>6=> 2KO28BL ?@8 2A5E 701>;520=8OE, 254CI8E : 48DDC7=><C ?>@065=8N 3>;>2=>3> <>730; 5A;8 65 B@02<0B8G5A:>5 ?>@065=85 :>@K =>A8B DC=:F8>=0;L=K9 E0@0:B5@, B>340 MB8 A8<?B><K ?@>E>4OB (87;5G8<0O :>@A0:>2A:0O 1>;57=L). Bilikiewicz (1960) AG8B05B, GB> ?>=OB8O >@30=8G5A:89 A8=4@>< 8 >@30=8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA =5 2A5340 A>2?040NB. @30=8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA  ?>=OB85 1>;55 H8@>:>5. Jarosz (1973) @0AA<0B@8205B ?>=OB85 >@30=8G5A:>3> ?A8E>A8=4@><0 :0: A8=>=8< 45<5=F88. Bilikiewicz 8 Jarosz 2K45;ONB 420 B8?0 >@30=8G5A:>3> ?A8E>A8=4@><0: 45<5=B82=K9 8 E0@0:B5@>?0B8G5A:89. ;O ?>A;54=53> A2>9AB25==K ?A8E>?0B>?>4>1=K5 A>AB>O=8O, A>?@>2>640NI85AO =5:>B>@K< 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>-<=5AB8G5A:8< A=865=85<. > .Bleuler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ieck (1962) 2K45;8; B@8 3@C??K A8=4@><>2 ?@8 A><0B8G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==KE ?A8E>70E; A8=4@><K A O2;5=8O<8 =0@CH5==>3> A>7=0=8O, B.5.>AB@K5 M:7>35==>3> B8?0 @50:F88; ?5@5E>4=K5; =5>1@0B8<K5 A8=4@><K A ?@87=0:0<8 >@30=8G5A:>3> 87<5=5=8O ;8G=>AB8, B.5.E@>=8G5A:85 M:7>35==>3> B8?0 @50:F88, >@30=8G5A:89 ?A8E>A8=4@><. 5@5E>4=K5 A8=4@><K 8<5NB 1>;LH>5 7=0G5=85 ?@8 ?@>3=>78@>20=88 B5G5=8O 701>;520=8O 8 2>7<>6=>3> D>@<8@>20=8O A;01>C<8O. -./.(B5@=15@3 (1969) 2 @57C;LB0B5 0=0;870 >AB@KE A>AC48ABKE ?A8E>7>2 2 A25B5 :>=F5?F88 >=35DD5@0 2K45;8; B@8 3@C??K ?5@5E>4=KE A8=4@><>2 ?@8 MB8E A>AB>O=8OE: A8=4@><K 0DD5:B82=>9 3@C??K, 0DD5:B82=>3> @538AB@0 (0AB5=8G5A:89, 0=:A8>7=>-45?@5AA82=K9, 45?@5AA82=K9 8B.4.); H87>D@5==K9, 30;;NF8=0B>@=>-?0@0=>84=K9 A8=4@><; A8=4@><K >@30=8G5A:>3> :@C30 (0?0B8:>-01C;8G5A:89, M9D>@8G5A:89). >O2;5=85 A8=4@><>2 >@30=8G5A:>3> :@C30 ?@>3=>AB8G5A:8 =51;03>?@8OB=>, A2845B5;LAB2C5B > 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?5@5E>40 2 45<5=F8N, B>340 :0: ?5@5E>4=K5 A8=4@><K 0DD5:B82=>9 3@C??K @0AA<0B@820NBAO :0: ?@>3=>AB8G5A:8 >B=>A8B5;L=> 1;03>?@8OB=K5. "0:8< >1@07><, <>6=> AG8B0BL, GB> 45<5=F8O D>@<8@C5BAO =0 C@>2=5 ?5@5E>4=KE A8=4@><>2, 8 MB0 AB048O M:7>35==>->@30=8G5A:>3> ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 2 =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE ?>72>;O5B 4803=>AB8@>20BL A8=4@>< 45<5=F88 2 53> =0G0;L=KE ?@>O2;5=8OE. @87=0=85 48=0<8G=>AB8 45<5=F88 :0: A2>9AB20, 2KB5:0NI53> 87 >A>15==>AB59 B5G5=8O >A;01>C<;820NI53> ?@>F5AA0, ?>72>;O5B @5H8BL 2>?@>A > 2>7<>6=>AB8 :><?5=A0F88 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> 45D5:B0. 0: 1K;> A:070=> 2KH5, ..53@01O= AG8B05B, GB> ?@8 45<5=F88 >BACBAB2CNB :><?5=A0B>@=K5 <5E0=87<K. ..(520;52 (1937) 2KA:07K205B ?@>B82>?>;>6=>5 <=5=85. > ..(520;52C, 45<5=F8O =5 >3@0=8G8205BAO >4=8<8 ;8HL <8=CA-A8<?B><0<8. .  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B> 65 2@5<O ?@8 8AB8==>9 >@30=8G5A:>9 45<5=F88 70B@C4=5=8O, 8A?KBK205<K5 1>;L=K< 2 M:A?5@8<5=B5, 2A5340 A>>B25BAB2CNB AB5?5=8 B@C4=>AB8 ?@54JO2;O5<>3> 7040=8O. 07=>@5G82K5 @57C;LB0BK M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>3> 8AA;54>20=8O ?@8 ?A524>45<5=F88 ?>;CG5=K 8 ?@8 8A?>;L7>20=88 @O40 <5B>48: >48=0:>2>9 =0?@02;5==>AB8. B >@30=8G5A:>9 45<5=F88 ?A524>45<5=F8O >B;8G05BAO 5I5 8 >BACBAB285< =52@>;>38G5A:8E 7=0:>2 >@30=8G5A:>3> ?>@065=8O F5=B@0;L=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K. > A8E ?>@ 48A:CB015;L=K< O2;O5BAO 8 2>?@>A > @0728B88 A;01>C<8O ?@8 H87>D@5=88. @54<5B>< A?>@0 O2;O5BAO :0: ?@02><5@=>ABL 4803=>AB8:8 A;01>C<8O 2 :;8=8G5A:>9 :0@B8=5 H87>D@5=88, B0: 8 E0@0:B5@ MB>3> A;01>C<8O. Kraepelin, 2?5@2K5 2K45;82H89 MB> 701>;520=85, =0720; 53> dementia praecox (@0==55 A;01>C<85), ?>4G5@:820O B0:8< >1@07>< 7=0G5=85 A;01>C<8O 2 53> B5G5=88 8 8AE>45. = @07;8G0; G5BK@5 2>7<>6=KE 8AE>40 @0==53> A;01>C<8O: 2K74>@>2;5=85, 2K74>@>2;5=85 A 45D5:B><, A;01>C<85 8 A<5@BL. 081>;55 G0ABK<8, ?> Kraepelin, O2;ONBAO 2K74>@>2;5=85 A 45D5:B>< 8 A;01>C<85. 2B>@ 2K45;8; A;54CNI85 20@80=BK A;01>C<8O 2 8AE>4=>< A>AB>O=88: ?@>AB>5, 30;;NF8=0B>@=>5, ?0@0=>84=>5, BC?>5, 4C@0H;82>-10=0;L=>5, <0=5@=>5, =530B828AB8G5A:>5 8 A;01>C<85 A ?@5>1;040=85< @5G52>9 @07>@20==>AB8. !;54C5B A>3;0A8BLAO A ..<1@C<>2>9 (1962), GB> 2K45;5==K5 Kraepelin >A=>2=K5 D>@<K A;01>C<8O =5@02=>7=0G=K 8 >B@060NB @07=K5 AB0488 1>;57=8. Gruhle (1932) ?8A0; >1 >BACBAB288 ?@8 H87>D@5=88 8AB8==>3> A;01>C<8O. =B5;;5:B 1>;L=>3> H87>D@5=859 =0@CH5=, @0AAB@>5=, => =5 ?>425@305BAO @07@CH5=8N. (87>D@5=8: A @07>@20==K< <KH;5=85< 8=>340 ?>@0605B A2>8<8 AC645=8O<8, C<>70:;NG5=8O<8, A2845B5;LAB2CNI8<8 > D>@<0;L=>9 ?>B5=F80;L=>9 A>E@0==>AB8 <KH;5=8O. > 2K@065=8N Gruhle, ?@8 H87>D@5=88 <0H8=0 (8<55BAO 2 284C 8=B5;;5:B) F5;0, => 2>2A5 =5 >1A;C68205BAO 8;8 =58A?@02=> >1A;C68205BAO. (87>D@5=8G5A:85 @0AAB@>9AB20 <KH;5=8O Gruhle ?>=8<0; :0: @0AAB@>9AB20 2KAH59 AD5@K ;8G=>AB8, 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 8=8F80B82K, 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 ?@>4C:B82=>AB8.  A2>5< @C:>2>4AB25 ?> ?A8E80B@88 Gruhle (1922), ?@>B82>?>AB02;OO @0AAB@>9AB20 <KH;5=8O 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859 8AB8==><C >@30=8G5A:><C A;01>C<8N, E0@0:B5@87C5B 8E :0: 0DD5:B82=>5 A;01>C<85. 1 0DD5:B82=>< A;01>C<88 ?@8 H87>D@5=88 ?8A0; 8 .Bleuler (1920), CB25@640O, GB> H87>D@5=8G5A:>5 A;01>C<85 ?>;CG05B A2>N E0@0:B5@=CN ?5G0BL ?@5645 2A53> >B @0AAB@>9AB20 0DD5:B0. =B5;;5:BC0;L=0O =54>AB0B>G=>ABL ?@8 H87>D@5=88, ?> .Bleuler, G0AB> =5 A>>B25BAB2C5B AB5?5=8 B@C4=>AB8 ?>AB02;5==>9 ?5@54 1>;L=K< 7040G8  H87>D@5=8: =5 <>65B A;>68BL 42C7=0G=KE G8A5; 8 BCB 65 ?@028;L=> 872;5:05B :C18G5A:89 :>@5=L. >;L=>9 <>65B @07>1@0BLAO 2 A;>6=>9 D8;>A>DA:>9 AB0BL5 8 =5 ?>=8<0BL, GB> 4;O B>3> GB>1K 2K?8A0BLAO 87 1>;L=8FK, =C6=> A>1;N40BL >?@545;5==K5 =>@<K ?>2545=8O.  8725AB=>9 <5@5 A?>@K > E0@0:B5@5 @0AAB@>9AB2 <KH;5=8O ?@8 H87>D@5=88 >B@060NB ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL <=5=89 > A>AB>O=88 8=B5;;5:B0. ! >4=>9 AB>@>=K, ?@87=05BAO A=865=85 8=B5;;5:B0 ?@8 H87>D@5=88, ?>72>;ONI55 3>2>@8BL > A;01>C<88, A 4@C3>9  @5GL 845B B>;L:> >1 8=0:><KH;5=88 MB8E 1>;L=KE. 5:>B>@K5 8=>AB@0==K5 8AA;54>20B5;8 3>2>@OB > :>=:@5B=>AB8 <KH;5=8O C 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859 (Goldstein, 1939, 1941, 1946, Hanfmann, Kasanin, 1937, 1942; Benjamin, 1946; Gorham, 1956).  B> 65 2@5<O 4@C385 02B>@K @072820NB :>=F5?F8N > =5>1KG=>AB8 <KH;5=8O 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859 (Feldman, Drasgon, 1951; Fey, 1951; McLaughran, 1954), B> 5ABL > =5>1KG=>AB8, M:AF5=B@8G=>AB8 ?>=OB89 C 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859. 5>1KG=K5 ?>=OB8O >?8@0NBAO =0 @0AH8@5==>5 :>;8G5AB2> 8E ?@87=0:>2, GB> >1>7=0G05BAO :0: 1>;LH0O AB5?5=L A<KA;>2>9 A2>1>4K. ;O >1JOA=5=8O >A>15==>AB59 <KH;5=8O 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859 2K428=CBK ?>=OB8O A25@E>1>1I5==>ABL, A25@E2:;NG5==>ABL (Cameron, 1938, 1939, 1944, 1947). !25@E2:;NG5==>ABL @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: 2K@065=85 =52>7<>6=>AB8 C45@60BLAO 2 7040==KE A<KA;>2KE 3@0=8F0E, @0AH8@5=85 CA;>289 7040G8. .!.K3>BA:89 (1938) >1=0@C68; C 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859 @0A?04 DC=:F88 >1@07>20=8O ?>=OB89, A=865=85, ?>=OB89 4> C@>2=O :>=:@5B=KE A<KA;>>1@07>20=89. > <=5=8N 02B>@0, <KH;5=85 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO :>=:@5B=K< C@>2=5< ?@>B5:0=8O ?@>F5AA0 >1>1I5=8O. ..5930@=8: (1962) 2K428=C;0 ?>;>65=85 > B><, GB> @0AAB@>9AB20 <KH;5=8O ?@8 H87>D@5=88 >1CA;>2;5=K 8A:065=85< ?@>F5AA0 >1>1I5=8O. @8 MB>< 2 <KH;5=88 4><8=8@CNB A2O78, =5045:20B=K5 :>=:@5B=K< >B=>H5=8O<. !C645=8O 1>;L=KE >B@060NB A1;865=85, A3CI5=85 >B45;L=KE A;CG09=KE AB>@>= ?@54<5B>2 8 O2;5=89. ;O <KH;5=8O 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859 E0@0:B5@=> 2>7=8:=>25=85 1>;LH>3> G8A;0 0AA>F80F89  =5=0?@02;5==KE, A;CG09=KE, >B@060NI8E ;8HL G@572KG09=> >1I85 A2O78. ..$.>;O:>2 (1961, 1962, 1972), ". .. 5;5H:> (1966) ?>:070;8 7028A8<>ABL =0@CH5=89 <KH;5=8O ?@8 H87>D@5=88 >B >A>15==>AB59 0:BC0;870F88 8<8 87 ?@>H;>3> 687=5==>3> >?KB0 <0;>7=0G8<KE 7=0=89, A:@KBKE A2>9AB2 B5E 8;8 8=KE ?@54<5B>2 8;8 O2;5=89. !;54C5B A>3;0A8BLAO A B5<, GB> =5>1KG=>ABL <KH;5=8O =5 <>65B @0AA<0B@820BLAO :0: H87>D@5=8G5A:>5 A;01>C<85. !2>5>1@07=K5 @0AAB@>9AB20 <KH;5=8O C 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859 =5 O2;ONBAO ?@>O2;5=85< A=865=8O 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. @><5 B>3>, 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A2>5< >=8, :0: ?>:070; >?KB ?@8<5=5=8O =59@>;5?B8G5A:8E A@54AB2, >:07K20NBAO >1@0B8<K<8. ! =0G0;>< ?@8<5=5=8O 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:5 0<8=078=0 1K;> CAB0=>2;5=>, GB> 4065 H87>D078O =0 :0:>9-B> ?5@8>4 CA?5H=> ?@5>4>;5205BAO. "0:8< >1@07><, > A;01>C<88 ?@8 H87>D@5=88 <K <>65< 3>2>@8BL ;8HL 2 A>>B25BAB288 A >A=>2=K<8 :@8B5@8O<8 2K45;5=8O A;01>C<8O 2>>1I5. 5H5=85 MB>3> 2>?@>A0 2>7<>6=> ;8HL ?@8 >F5=:5 @0AAB@>9AB2 <KH;5=8O C 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=859 2 A>>B25BAB288 A> AB048O<8 B5G5=8O 701>;520=8O.  G0AB=>AB8, ..-45;LHB59= (1938) 2845; ?@8G8=C >B@8F0=8O =5:>B>@K<8 8AA;54>20B5;O<8 A;01>C<8O ?@8 H87>D@5=88 2 B><, GB> @0AAB@>9AB20 <KH;5=8O C H87>D@5=8:>2 >1KG=> 87CG0NBAO 2 >AB@KE ?@>F5AAC0;L=KE AB048OE 701>;520=8O, ?@8 8<5NI59AO 5I5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 A>E@0==>AB8. >;55 B>3>, =5@57:> 2K@065==>5 A;01>C<85 2 =0G0;L=KE AB048OE H87>D@5=88 <0A:8@C5BAO DC=:F8>=0;L=K<8 =0@CH5=8O<8 <KH;5=8O (..5@5;L<0=, 1944). ?>A;54AB288 A;01>C<85 ?>AB5?5==> 2KABC?05B =0 ?5@2K9 ?;0=, >A>15==> 2 45D5:B=KE AB048OE H87>D@5=88. >6=> 4C<0BL, GB> E0@0:B5@=K5 4;O H87>D@5=88 @0AAB@>9AB20 <KH;5=8O 8 0DD5:B82=>AB8 =5 B>;L:> <0A:8@CNB A;01>C<85, => 8 ?@840NB 5<C A2>5>1@0785. 0@B8=0 H87>D@5=8G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O  MB> A2>5>1@07=>5 A>G5B0=85 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> A=865=8O A @0AAB@>9AB20<8 <KH;5=8O, :>B>@K5 ?@>O2;ONBAO 8A:065=85< ?@>F5AA0 >1>1I5=8O ;81> =0E>4OBAO 2 A2O78 A 87<5=5=8O<8 <>B820F8>==>3> :><?>=5=B0 <KA;8B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. (87>D@5=8G5A:>5 A;01>C<85 A>>B=>A8BAO A> AB04859 8AE>4=>3> A>AB>O=8O ?@>F5AA0 (..-45;LHB59=, 1938), :>B>@>5, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, >B3@0=8G8205BAO >B 45D5:B0. (87>D@5=8G5A:89 45D5:B  ?@>O2;5=85 ?@>F5AAC0;L=>9 AB0488 B5G5=8O H87>D@5=88. = <>65B >1=0@C6820BLAO >G5=L @0=>, ?>A;5 ?5@2>3> ?@8ABC?0 H87>D@5=88. 4=0:> 2 @O45 A;CG052 4065 ?@8 1>;LH>9 4;8B5;L=>AB8 H87>D@5=8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 45D5:B <>65B >1=0@C6820BL B5=45=F8N : >1@0B=><C @0728B8N, :>=5G=>, 2 8725AB=KE ?@545;0E. "0:8< >1@07><, H87>D@5=8G5A:89 45D5:B  ?>=OB85 48=0<8G5A:>5.  B> 65 2@5<O 8AE>4=>5 A>AB>O=85 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO <8=8<0;L=>9 48=0<8G=>ABLN, >=> AB018;L=>. > <=5=8N ..<1@C<>2>9 (1962), ?@54AB02;5=85 > 48=0<8G=>AB8 H87>D@5=8G5A:>3> 45D5:B0 2> <=>3>< >1CA;>2;5=> =0;8G85< A>?CBAB2CNI8E DC=:F8>=0;L=>-48=0<8G5A:8E >1@07>20=89. -B8< ?@87=05BAO 45AB@C:B82=>5 O4@> H87>D@5=8G5A:>3> 45D5:B0. ..<1@C<>20 @07;8G05B :><?5=A8@>20==K5 8 45:><?5=A8@>20==K5 AB018;878@>20==K5 @5784C0;L=>-45D5:B=K5 A>AB>O=8O. !>AB>O=8O, E0@0:B5@87CNI85AO ?>;=>9 45:><?5=A0F859, A>>B25BAB2CNB ?@54AB02;5=8O< >1 8AE>4=KE. ..0;<0=7>= (1936) @0AA<0B@820; H87>D@5=8G5A:>5 A;01>C<85 :0: >@30=8G5A:8-45AB@C:B82=>5 ?> A2>5<C 35=57C.  ?@>F5AAC0;L=>9 AB0488, AG8B0; >=, :>340 A;01>C<85 B>;L:> =0G8=05B @072820BLAO, >=> A:@KB> DC=:F8>=0;L=>-:><?5=A8@CNI59 48=0<8:>9 ?@>F5AA0, 0 2 8AE>4=>9 AB0488 A;01>C<85 =0:;04K205B >B?5G0B>: =0 >AB0B>G=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 8 G5B:> 2K@065=>. "8?>;>38N A8=4@><>2 H87>D@5=8G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O ?@8<5=8B5;L=> : 8AE>4=K< A>AB>O=8O< @07@01>B0; ..-45;LHB59=. = @07;8G05B B@8 20@80=B0 H87>D@5=8G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O.  >4=8E A;CG0OE 2 :;8=8G5A:>9 :0@B8=5 =0 ?5@2K9 ?;0= 2KABC?0NB D0:B>@K M:AB@08=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5, >4=0:> 2 >A=>25 MB>3> A8=4@><0 A;01>C<8O ;568B 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>5 O4@>.  MB8< A;CG0O< ?>4E>48B >?@545;5=85 0?0B8G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O. =>340 >B<5G05BAO >@30=8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@ A;01>C<8O  @0AAB@>9AB20 :@8B8:8, 10=0;L=>ABL 8 ?@8<8B82=>ABL AC645=89, 154=>ABL <KH;5=8O, 8AB>I05<>ABL ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2. 081>;55 BO65;K5 @0AAB@>9AB20 8=B5;;5:B0 >1=0@C6820NBAO ?@8 A8=4@><5 @C8=8@>20=8O  ?@>8AE>48B B>B0;L=K9 @0A?04 ;8G=>AB8 8 8=B5;;5:B0, >AB0NBAO ;8HL =87H85 ?A8E8G5A:85 DC=:F88. @8 A8=4@><5 @C8=8@>20=8O >:07K205BAO =52>7<>6=K< 2K?>;=5=85 M;5<5=B0@=KE AG5B=KE >?5@0F89, =5A;>6=KE ?@>1 =0 :><18=0B>@8:C 8B.?. A..<1@C<>20 AG8B05B, GB> ;8HL ?@8 =0;8G88 A8=4@><0 @C8=8@>20=8O <>6=> 4803=>AB8@>20BL H87>D@5=8G5A:>5 A;01>C<85. ! MB>9 B>G:>9 7@5=8O B@C4=> A>3;0A8BLAO. >AB0B>G=> A:070BL, GB> 0?0B8G5A:89 20@80=B A;01>C<8O ?@8 1>;57=8 8:0 8;8 2A;54AB285 G5@5?=>-<>73>2>9 B@02<K O2;O5BAO >1I5?@87=0==K<. @30=8G5A:89 B8? H87>D@5=8G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O B0:65 8<55B ?@02> =0 ACI5AB2>20=85.  :;8=8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:5 <K =5@54:> 2848< 1>;L=KE 2 8AE>4=>< A>AB>O=88 H87>D@5=88, =0AB>;L:> =5>B;8G8<KE >B AB@040NI8E >@30=8G5A:8< ?>@065=85< 3>;>2=>3> <>730 A> A;01>C<85<, GB> 2>?@>AK 4803=>AB8:8 @5H0NBAO =0 >A=>20=88 0=0<=570 8 2KO2;5=8O 2 :;8=8:5 :0:8E-B> @5784C0;L=KE D@03<5=B>2 H87>D@5=8G5A:>3> 8=0:><KA;8O. B..=C:>2 (1937) =0E>48; ?@87=0:8 ?A524>>@30=8G5A:>3> A=865=8O 8=B5;;5:B0 1>;L=KE H87>D@5=8G5A:8< 45D5:B><.  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"0:CN A8AB5<0B870F8N @07@01>B0;8 Delay 8 Brion (1962), @07;8G0NI85 2 F5@51@0;L=>< 0B5@>A:;5@>75 @07=K5 D>@<K 45<5=F88 ?@8 48DDC7=>< ?>@065=88 :>@K <>730 8 ?@8 D>:0;L=>9 ?0B>;>388. >A;54=85 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B ;>:0;870F88 ?>@065=8O 45;OBAO =0 D>:0;L=K5 D>@<K 2 A2O78 A ?>@065=85< 704=59 <>73>2>9 0@B5@88 (2 :;8=8G5A:>9 :0@B8=5  0D078O, 03=>78O, 35<80=>?A8O, <=5AB8G5A:85 =0@CH5=8O) 8 1070;L=K5. @><5 B>3>, Delay 8 Brion @07;8G0NB D>@<K 0B5@>A:;5@>B8G5A:>9 45<5=F88, >1CA;>2;5==K5 ?@58<CI5AB25==K< ?>@065=85< A5@>3> 25I5AB20 <>730 8 15;>9 AC1AB0=F88 (M=F5D0;>?0B8O 8=A20=35@0). ... 0E0;LA:89 (1957) ?@54;>68; A8AB5<0B8:C A8=4@><>2 A;01>C<8O, =01;N40NI8EAO ?@8 >@30=8G5A:8E ?A8E>70E 2>>1I5, ?> :;8=8G5A:><C ?@8=F8?C. = 2K45;O5B A;54CNI85 A8=4@><K 45<5=F88: ?0@0;8B8G5A:89, 0@B5@8>A:;5@>B8G5A:89 (0?>?;5:A8G5A:89), A5=8;L=K9 8 A8AB5<=>5 A;01>C<85 (1>;57=L 8:0 8 ?A524>?8:>2A:85 A>AB>O=8O).  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"0:, 87 25C<5@H8E 1>;L=KE AB0@G5A:8< A;01>C<85<, C :>B>@KE =0 2A:@KB88 =5 1K;> 2KO2;5=> 7=0G8B5;L=> 2K@065==>9 A>AC48AB>9 ?0B>;>388, C 9?@8 687=8 >B<5G0;AO ?@5A18>D@5==K9 A8=4@><. 0 MB>< >A=>20=88 .!.25@1CE ?@8E>48B : 2K2>4C, GB> ?> A2>5<C >A=>2=><C ?0B>35=5B8G5A:><C <5E0=87<C ?@5A18>D@5=8O O2;O5BAO D>@<>9 A5=8;L=>9 45<5=F88. 59AB28B5;L=> >A=>2>9 ?@5A18>D@5=88 O2;O5BAO 0B@>D8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA. 4=0:> 8 A>AC48AB0O F5@51@0;L=0O ?0B>;>38O 83@05B 206=CN MB8>?0B>35=5B8G5A:CN @>;L 2 @0728B88 MB>3> A>AB>O=8O, GB> ?>4B25@6405BAO 1>;LH8< :;8=8G5A:8< 8 ?0B>38AB>;>38G5A:8< <0B5@80;><, ?@54AB02;5==K< "..C@F852>9 (1971). "0:, 87 38<0:@>- 8 <8:@>A:>?8G5A:8 25@8D8F8@>20==KE A;CG052 B5G5=8O ?@5A18>D@5==>3> A8=4@><0 2 151K;8 >1=0@C65=K A5=8;L=>-0B@>D8G5A:85 87<5=5=8O, 2 22  A>G5B0=85 0B@>D8G5A:>3> 8 0B5@>A:;5@>B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA>2 2 3>;>2=>< <>735 8 2 1  87>;8@>20==K9 0B5@>A:;5@>B8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA. !;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> ?>A;54=89 A;CG09 =5 <>65B @0AA<0B@820BLAO :0: ?@5A18>D@5=8O. 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Kraepelin (1910) AG8B0; ?@5A18>D@5=8N D>@<>9 AB0@G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O, B0: :0: ?@8 =5< <>3CB =01;N40BLAO ?@5A18>D@5==K5 M?87>4K 8, A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, ?@5A18>D@5=8O ?@8 CB@0B5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 8 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 682>AB8 <>65B ?5@59B8 2 AB0@G5A:>5 A;01>C<85. Fischer (1910) >B=>A8; ?@5A18>D@5=8N : A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 D>@<5 AB0@G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O. B ?@5A18>D@5=88 >= >B;8G0; 0@B5@8>A:;5@>B8G5A:CN ?A524>?@5A18>D@5=8N, ?@8 :>B>@>9 ?@5A18>D@5==0O A8<?B><0B8:0 2>7=8:05B >AB@55, A:0G:0<8 8, =0@O4C A =59, ?@>O2;ONBAO >G03>2K5 =52@>;>38G5A:85 A8<?B><K.  B> 65 2@5<O =5:>B>@K5 8AA;54>20B5;8 C:07K20;8 =0 B5A=CN A2O7L <564C ?@5A18>D@5=859 8 1>;57=LN ;LF359<5@0. "0:, Reinhold (1921) 8 Francioni (1921) AG8B0;8, GB> ?@5A18>D@5=8O 8 1>;57=L ;LF359<5@0  >4=> 8 B> 65 701>;520=85. Hilpert (1926) >?8A0; A;CG09, B5G5=85 :>B>@>3> ?OBL ;5B E0@0:B5@87>20;>AL ?@5A18>D@5==>9 A8<?B><0B8:>9, 0 70B5< >?@545;8;0AL B8?8G=0O 4;O 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0 :;8=8G5A:0O :0@B8=0. 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http://psychiatry.ru/library/lib/show.php4?id=90" ;8=8:0 ?@8>1@5B5==>3> A;01>C<8O . . ;59E5@ >4 ?@5A5=8;L=K<8 45<5=F8O<8 ?>=8<0NB 701>;520=8O, <0=8D5AB8@CNI8E ?@58<CI5AB25==> 2 ?@54AB0@G5A:>< 2>7@0AB5 8 E0@0:B5@87CNI8EAO =5C:;>==> ?@>3@5485=B=K<, ?>AB5?5==> 2>7=8:0NI8< 8 ?@>B5:0NI8< 157 >AB0=>2>: 8 @5<8AA89 (=> 8 157 >1>AB@5=89) >A;01>C<;820NI8< ?@>F5AA>< >@D>;>38G5A:89 AC1AB@0B ?@5A5=8;L=KE 45<5=F89  ?5@28G=>-0B@>D8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA.  >1J548=5=88 MB8E 701>;520=89 2 >4=C 3@C??C <=>3> CA;>2=>3>. "0:, >?8A0=K A;CG08 451NB0 ?@5A5=8;L=KE 45<5=F89 2 <>;>4>< 2>7@0AB5  N25=8;L=K5 D>@<K 1>;57=59 8:0 8 ;LF359<5@0 (Malamud, LFvenberg, 1929; LFvenberg, Boyd, Salon, 1939; Polstorf, 1940, Fer-raro, Jervis, 1941). '0I5 MB8 701>;520=8O =0G8=0NBAO 2 1>;55 ?>74=5< AB0@G5A:>< 2>7@0AB5 4=0:> 2A5 65 =081>;55 E0@0:B5@=> ?@>O2;5=85 701>;520=8O 2 ?@54AB0@G5A:>< 2>7@0AB5 > =0H8< 40==K<, 1>;57=L 8:0 G0I5 2A53> =0G8=05BAO 2 2>7@0AB5 45 60;5B, 0 1>;57=L ;LF359<5@0 (:;0AA8G5A:89 20@80=B)  2 50 65;5B.  8725AB=>9 <5@5 >1 CA;>2=>AB8 3@C??8@>20=8O MB8E 701>;520=89 A2845B5;LAB2C5B 8 8E @07;8G=0O =>7>;>38G5A:0O ?@8=04;56=>ABL. >;57=L ;LF359<5@0 1>;LH8=AB2> 8AA;54>20B5;59 @0AA<0B@820NB :0: @0=> 2>7=8:HCN 8 ?>B><C >A>15==> =54>1@>:0G5AB25==> ?@>B5:0NICN D>@<C AB0@G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O.  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B@>D8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA ?@8 1>;57=OE ;LF359<5@0 8 8:0 @07;8G05BAO =5 B>;L:> ?> <0:@>- 8 <8:@>A:>?8G5A:8< 40==K<, => 8 18>;>38G5A:8. @87=0:>< MB>3>, ?> =0H5<C <=5=8N, O2;O5BAO =5>48=0:>20O G0AB>B0 A>G5B0=8O 0B@>D8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 A A>AC48AB>9 F5@51@0;L=>9 ?0B>;>3859 ?@8 MB8E 701>;520=8OE. 0 >A=>25 :;8=8G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89 8 ?> <0B5@80;0< ?0B>38AB>;>38G5A:>9 25@8D8:0F88 <K CAB0=>28;8 G0AB>BC A>G5B0=89 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0 A F5@51@0;L=K< 0B5@>A:;5@>7>< (..;59E5@, !..!;>1>4O=A:0O, 1965). 7 491>;L=KE, :>B>@K< 2 B5G5=85 1948 196833. 1K; CAB0=>2;5= 4803=>7 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0, C 17?>A;5 A<5@B8 1K; >1=0@C65= 2K@065==K9 <>73>2>9 0@B5@8>- 8 0@B5@8>;>A:;5@>7 ?@58<CI5AB25==> 2 ?80;L=KE A>AC40E 8 0@B5@8>;0E :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730.  2>AL<8 A;CG0OE >= A>G5B0;AO A @57:> 2K@065==K< A:;5@>7>< A>AC4>2 >A=>20=8O <>730. "0:8< >1@07><, A>?CBAB2>202H0O 0@B5@8>A:;5@>B8G5A:0O ?0B>;>38O 2 3>;>2=>< <>735, 4>AB830NI0O 7=0G8B5;L=>9 AB5?5=8 2K@065==>AB8, =01;N40;0AL 2 34,6% 25@8D8F8@>20==KE 0=0B><>-38AB>;>38G5A:8 A;CG052 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0. @><5 B>3>, C<5@5==> 2K@065==K9 A:;5@>7 ?80;L=KE A>AC4>2 8 0@B5@8>; :>@K >1=0@C65= 5I5 C 121>;L=KE, A:;5@>7 A>AC4>2 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 2KO2;5= C 17, ?@8G5< 2 11A;CG0OE >= A>2?040; A 2K@065==K< <>73>2K< 0@B5@8>A:;5@>7><, 2 6A;CG0OE B0:>3> ?0@0;;5;87<0 =5 1K;> 8 >B<5G0;AO ;8HL A:;5@>7 A>AC4>2 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2, 157 A>?CBAB2CNI59 A>AC48AB>9 F5@51@0;L=>9 ?0B>;>388. !;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> GrLnthal (1926) ;8HL 2 >4=>< 87 13=01;N45=89 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0 =5 2KO28; ?@8 0=0B><>-38AB>;>38G5A:>< 8AA;54>20=88 ?@87=0:>2 A:;5@>70 A>AC4>2 3>;>2=>3> <>730, 0 C ?OB8 1>;L=KE A>AC48ABK5 87<5=5=8O 1K;8 @57:> 2K@065=K: 0>@B>A:;5@>7, =5D@>A:;5@>7, A:;5@>B8G5A:85 87<5=5=8O <>73>2KE >1>;>G5: 8 >A=>20=8O <>730.  G0AB>B5 ?@8A>548=ONI59AO : 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0 A>AC48AB>9 ?0B>;>388 3;02=K< >1@07>< 2 D>@<5 0B5@>A:;5@>70 1070;L=KE A>AC4>2 ?8A0;8 Lindgren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archand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archand 2 MBC 3@C??C 2:;NG8; A5=8;L=CN 45<5=F8N. Jervis (1945) @07;8G0; ?5@28G=K5 ?@5A5=8;L=K5 45<5=F88 (>=8 65  MAA5=F80;L=K5, A?5F8D8G5A:85), : :>B>@K< >B=>A8; 1>;57=8 8:0, ;LF359<5@0, /:>10  @59FD5;L4B0, 0;;5@2>@45=0  (?0BF0, @5?5;8=0, E>@5N 5=B8=3B>=0 8 4@., 8 2B>@8G=K5 ?@5A5=8;L=K5 45<5=F88, :>B>@K5 2>>1I5 <>3CB @072820BLAO 2 ;N1>< 2>7@0AB5 8 ?>O2;5=85 8E 2 ?@5A5=8;L=>< 2>7@0AB5 A;CG09=>. B>@8G=K<8 >=8 =0720=K ?>B><C, GB> 45<5=F8O 2 MB8E A;CG0OE 2K720=0 8725AB=K< MB8>;>38G5A:8< D0:B>@><  F5@51@0;L=K< 0B5@>A:;5@>7><, A8D8;8B8G5A:8< ?@>F5AA><, @0728B85< >?CE>;8, B@02<>9 3>;>2=>3> <>730, 8=B>:A8:0F859. "0:8< >1@07><, 745AL @5GL 845B > 2B>@8G=>9 0B@>D88 B:0=8 3>;>2=>3> <>730. 081>;55 G0AB> 2AB@5G0NBAO 1>;57=8 8:0 8 ;LF359<5@0 8 E>@5O 5=B8=3B>=0. A>1K5 B@C4=>AB8 4;O 48DD5@5=F80;L=>9 4803=>AB8:8 ?@54AB02;ONB ?5@2K5 420 701>;520=8O. I5 A@02=8B5;L=> =5402=> ?@8687=5==0O 4803=>AB8:0 1>;57=59 8:0 8 ;LF359<5@0 AG8B0;0AL =52>7<>6=>9 (Gordon, 1935). ".Sjogren, H.Sjogren, 1952) ?@8 0=0;875 =525@8D8F8@>20==KE 0=0B><>-<>@D>;>38G5A:8 A;CG052 8E =>7>;>38G5A:>5 >?@545;5=85 70<5=O;8 A8=4@><>;>38G5A:8< 8 3>2>@8;8 > A8=4@><5 8:0  ;LF359<5@0. ;O ?@8687=5==>9 4803=>AB8:8 ?@5A5=8;L=KE 45<5=F89 =5:>B>@K5 8AA;54>20B5;8 8A?>;L7>20;8 <5B>4 18>?A88 B:0=59 <>730.  @57C;LB0B5 BI0B5;L=>3> 87CG5=8O :;8=8:8 1>;57=59 8:0 8 ;LF359<5@0 >?@545;5=K :@8B5@88 8E ?@8687=5==>9 4803=>AB8:8. >;57=L ;LF359<5@0 >;57=L ;LF359<5@0 O2;O5BAO 0B8?8G=>9 D>@<>9 AB0@G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O. 0 1;87>ABL MB8E 701>;520=89 C:07K205B B>B D0:B, GB> >G5=L G0AB> 1>;57=L ;LF359<5@0 2>7=8:05B 2 AB0@G5A:>< 2>7@0AB5, ?>A;5 2K@065==>3> ?@5A18>D@5==>3> ?5@8>40.  A2O78 A MB8< !..8A;8= (1956) @07;8G0; :;0AA8G5A:89 20@80=B 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0 8 0;LF359<5@>2A:89 20@80=B AB0@G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O. Arab (1960) ?8A0; >1 0;LF359<5@870F88 AB0@G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O, :>B>@>5, ?> 53> =01;N45=8O<, 2AB@5G05BAO 1>;55 G5< 2 B@8 @070 G0I5, G5< :;0AA8G5A:85 A;CG08 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0. Bergener (1968) AG8B05B, GB> :;8=8G5A:>5 @073@0=8G5=85 AB0@G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O 8 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0 2>7<>6=> ;8HL =0 >A=>20=88 2>7@0AB0 1>;L=KE 8 >A>1>9 ;>:0;L=>9 8=B5=A82=>AB8 0B@>D8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. >A;54=OO ?@8 AB0@G5A:>< A;01>C<88, :0: <K 2845;8, =5 4>AB8305B 7=0G8B5;L=>9 2K@065==>AB8 8, ?> <=5=8N =5:>B>@KE 8AA;54>20B5;59 (Albert, 1964), <>65B 1KBL 2KO2;5=0 ;8HL ?@8 ?>2B>@=KE 8AA;54>20=8OE A ?5@5@K20<8 2 =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52. !2>5>1@0785 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0 ?> A@02=5=8N A> AB0@G5A:8< A;01>C<85<, B0:8< >1@07><, ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 1>;55 @0==5< (=> =5 2A5340) =0G0;5 1>;57=8, 1>;55 BO65;>< 55 B5G5=88 8 2 =0;8G88 2 :;8=8G5A:>9 :0@B8=5 A8<?B><>2, A2845B5;LAB2CNI8E >1 >G03>2>< E0@0:B5@5 ?>@065=8O 3>;>2=>3> <>730. -B> ?>4B25@6405BAO ?@8 0=0B><>-38AB>;>38G5A:>< 8AA;54>20=88 <>730: =0 D>=5 >1I53> ?>@065=8O 0B@>D8G5A:8< ?@>F5AA>< :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730 ?@8 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0 >B<5G0NBAO CG0AB:8, 345 0B@>D8O >A>15==> A8;L=> 2K@065=0  G0I5 2A53> MB> B5<5==>-70BK;>G=K5, 28A>G=K5 8 ;>1=K5 >B45;K ;52>3> ?>;CH0@8O. @8 87CG5=88 ?A8E>?0B>;>38G5A:8E ?@>O2;5=89 ?@8 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0 @C:>2>4AB2CNBAO ?@8=OBK< @0745;5=85< B5G5=8O 701>;520=8O =0 B@8 AB0488 (Stertz, 1926; Schneider, 1927; Jervis, 1945; Sjogren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'5@57 3>4 45<5=F8O AB0=>28BAO C65 3@C1>9 (Noyes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jogren 8 .Sjogren (1952) >?@545;ONB MB8 A>AB>O=8O :0: <>@8N.  4@C38E A;CG0OE 451NB 1>;57=8 8:0 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO CB@0B>9 8=8F80B82K, ?>O2;5=85< 8=48DD5@5=B=>AB8, 0?0B88. 0728205BAO <0;>@5G82>ABL, ?@>8AE>48B @54C:F8O @5G8. >;L=>9 ?5@5AB05B > A515 701>B8BLAO, 53> ?@8E>48BAO :>@<8BL. > <=5=8N-. /. 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tertz (1926) =0 >A=>20=88 :;8=8G5A:8E 8 ?0B>;>3>-0=0B><8G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B ;>:0;870F88 ?5@28G=KE F5=B@>2 0B@>D88 2K45;8; 420 20@80=B0 1>;57=8 8:0: ;>1=K9 (8;8 ?5@54=89) 8 28A>G=K9 (704=89). @8 ;>1=>< 20@80=B5 1>;57=8 8:0 =0 ?5@2K9 ?;0= 2KABC?05B ?045=85 @5G52>9 0:B82=>AB8 2?;>BL 4> ?>;=>9 0A?>=B0==>AB8 @5G8. Bilikiewicz (1960) 3>2>@8B > =5C:;>==> =0@0AB0NI59 >;83>D0788 ?@8 1>;57=8 8:0, ?@82>4OI59 : ?>;=><C <CB87<C. @>8AE>48B 7=0G8B5;L=>5 >154=5=85 A;>20@=>3> 70?0A0, C?@>I5=85 3@0<<0B8G5A:>3> AB@>O D@07. %0@0:B5@=> >B@8F0B5;L=>5 >B=>H5=85 1>;L=KE : A0<><C ?@>F5AAC @5G8, :>B>@0O ?>AB5?5==> CB@0G8205B :><<C=8:0B82=>5 7=0G5=85. @8 28A>G=>< 20@80=B5 1>;57=8 8:0 >B<5G05BAO 0<=5AB8G5A:0O 0D078O. > =0H8< =01;N45=8O<, 0<=5AB8G5A:0O 0D078O >B<5G0;0AL 2 22,2% A;CG052 1>;57=8 8:0, 3;02=K< >1@07>< ?@8 28A>G=>< 55 20@80=B5, :>B>@K9 B@C4=> 48DD5@5=F8@>20BL A 1>;57=LN ;LF359<5@0.  A2O78 A =0;8G85< @5G52>9 0A?>=B0==>AB8 1>;L=K5 =5 ?KB0NBAO =09B8 =C6=>5 A;>2> 8;8 70<5=8BL 53> 4@C38<, 1;87:8< ?> 7=0G5=8N. %0@0:B5@=0 48=0<8:0 0<=5AB8G5A:>9 0D0788  2=0G0;5 1>;L=K5 8A?KBK20NB 70B@C4=5=8O ?@8 =07K20=88 8<5= 4065 1;87:8E ;N459, 70B5< 701K20NB =0720=8O ?@54<5B>2 (Breitenfeld, 1940; .!.@CBN=>2, . .0;:C=, 1962). 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"0:85 >1>@>BK AB0=>2OBAO 2A5 1>;55 15AA<KA;5==K<8, 8=>340 A;>20 2 =8E ?0@0D0-B8G5A:8 =0AB>;L:> 8A:065=K, GB> =5;L7O >?@545;8BL 8E ?5@2>=0G0;L=K9 A<KA;, =0?@8<5@: >B C1>@:0 ?8@5488 :@5A, @0:040& 1@0:040. ;O @0A?040 @5G8 ?@8 1>;57=8 8:0 E0@0:B5@=K O2;5=8O ?0;8;0;88, :>B>@CN =5;L7O >B=5AB8 : ?5@A525@0F88. @8 ?0;8;0;88 ?>2B>@ONBAO >B45;L=K5 A;>20 8 D@07K. ..0@48= (1928) ?>:070; >B;8G85 ?0;8;0;88 >B ?5@A525@0F88  ?0;8;0;8G5A:>5 ?>2B>@5=85 A;>20 =5 7028A8B >B ?>;>65=8O MB>3> A;>20 2 D@075. @><5 B>3>, ?>2B>@O5<>5 A;>2> =5 2A5340 B>645AB25==> ?@>B>B8?C. ..8B20: (1959) 70<5B8;, GB> ?@8 ?0;8;0;88 ?@>8AE>48B A<5=0 @8B<0 8 A8;K 3>;>A0 8 @5GL ?>AB5?5==> AB0=>28BAO =5@071>@G82>9, 0D>=8G=>9. ;O 1>;57=8 8:0 E0@0:B5@=K O2;5=8O ME>;0;88. =0G0;5 MB> <8B838@>20==0O >1;53G5==0O ME>;0;8O, :>340 1>;L=>9 ?>2B>@O5B, A;53:0 284>87<5=OO, 7040==K9 5<C 2>?@>A. "0:0O B@0=AD>@<8@>20==0O, <8B838@>20==0O ME>;0;8O 1K;0 >?8A0=0 Pick. 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Ajuriaguerra 8 Hocaen (1960), 2K45;OO ?@8 MB>< 701>;520=88 A8=4@>< - (?0;8;0;8O, ME>;0;8O, <CB87<, 0<8<8O), ?8A0;8 >1 ME>;0;88 :0: > A?5F8D8G5A:>< :><?>=5=B5 ?0B>;>388 @5G8. -./.(B5@=15@3 (1957) C:07K20;, GB> 2 48=0<8:5 ME>;0;88 ?@8 1>;57=8 8:0 ?@>O2;ONBAO >A>15==>AB8 B5G5=8O A0<>3> 0B@>D8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0: ?5@5E>4 >B G0AB8G=>3> =0@CH5=8O A2O759 <564C A83=0;L=K<8 A8AB5<0<8 : ?>;=><C. >6=> 4C<0BL, GB> 2 2>7=8:=>25=88 ME>;0;88 7=0G8B5;L=CN @>;L 83@05B 2K?045=85 B>=:>3> :>@:>2>3> 0=0;870 2>A?@8=8<05<>9 @5G8  ?@>8AE>48B :0: 1K =5?>A@54AB25==0O ?5@540G0 87 A;CE>2>3> 0=0;870B>@0 2 @5G542830B5;L=K9, GB> =0?><8=05B <5E0=87< ?>4@060B5;L=>3> @5D;5:A0 5G52>A?@8=8<0NI89 0=0;870B>@ 8 A2O70==K5 A =8< CG0AB:8 :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730 O2;ONBAO 725=><, >1J548=ONI8< 8<?@5AA82=CN @5GL A M:A?@5AA82=>9.  =5< ?@>8AE>48B ;5:A8:>-3@0<<0B8G5A:89 8 A<KA;>2>9 0=0;87 CA;KH0==>3>. 8HL 2 A2O78 A MB8< 2>7<>6=0 045:20B=0O >B25B=0O @5GL. !B5?5=L =0@CH5=8O 45OB5;L=>AB8 @5G52>A?@8=8<0NI53> 0=0;870B>@0, 2:;NG0O 8 A2O70==K5 A =8< CG0AB:8 :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730, >B@0605BAO 8 =0 :;8=8G5A:8E ?@>O2;5=8OE ME>;0;88. 0@CH5=8O ?8AL<5==>9 @5G8 ?@8 1>;57=8 8:0 2 >B;8G85 >B 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0 ?@>O2;ONBAO 7=0G8B5;L=> ?>765, ?@8 MB>< =5 =01;N405BAO E0@0:B5@=0O 4;O ?>A;54=59 03@0D8G5A:8-0D0B8G5A:0O 48AA>F80F8O.  2 ?8AL<5==>9 @5G8 ?@>8AE>48B A=865=85 0:B82=>AB8, ?>O2;5=85 AB>OG8E >1>@>B>2. B=>A8B5;L=> 4>;3> A>E@0=ONBAO A?8AK20=85 8 2>A?@>872545=85 02B><0B878@>20==KE M=3@0<<, @0=LH5 AB@0405B A?>=B0==>5 ?8AL<> 8 ?8AL<> ?>4 48:B>2:C. ;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O A>E@0=O5BAO 8 2>7<>6=>ABL GB5=8O 2A;CE 157 ?>=8<0=8O ?@>G8B0==>3>. ?@0:B8G5A:85 @0AAB@>9AB20 ?@8 1>;57=8 8:0 2KO2;ONBAO ?>765, G5< ?@8 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0, ?@58<CI5AB25==> =>AOB E0@0:B5@ 845><>B>@=>9 0?@0:A88. BACBAB2C5B AB>;L B8?8G=>5 4;O 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0 @0==55 2KO2;5=85 :>=AB@C:B82=>9 0?@0:A88 "@5BLO AB048O 1>;57=8 8:0 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO B>B0;L=K< A;01>C<85<, ?>;=K< @0A?04>< ?A8E8:8 2> 2A5E 55 ?@>O2;5=8OE =0 D>=5 B5;5A=>3> <0@07<0. ".Sjogren 8 .Sjogren >B<5G0NB, GB> 8 4;O 1>;57=8 8:0 8 4;O 1>;57=8 ;LF359<5@0 E0@0:B5@5= A2>5>1@07=K9 D5=><5=: 25A B5;0 1>;L=KE 2 B5G5=85 1>;57=8 ?>AB>O==> C<5=LH05BAO 8 @0728205BAO BO65;0O :0E5:A8O. @8 MB>< >BACBAB2CNB A><0B8G5A:85 701>;520=8O, >1JOA=ONI85 B0:CN :0E5:A8N, 0 C 1>;L=KE G0I5 2A53> >1=0@C68205BAO ?0B>;>38G5A:89 3>;>4, >=8 >G5=L <=>3> 54OB." "'! !#  HYPERLINK "http://psychiatry.ru/library/lib/show.php4?id=90" ;8=8:0 ?@8>1@5B5==>3> A;01>C<8O . . ;59E5@ 73;O4K 8AA;54>20B5;59 =0 B@02<0B8G5A:>5 A;01>C<85 ?@>B82>@5G82K.  A2O78 A G0AB> =01;N40NI59AO C 1>;L=KE, ?5@5=5AH8E 2 ?@>H;>< G5@5?=>-<>73>2CN B@02<C, @53@5485=B=>ABLN >B45;L=KE ?@>O2;5=89 8 AB5?5=8 2K@065==>AB8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>-<=5AB8G5A:>3> 45D5:B0 @O4 02B>@>2 >B:07K20NBAO >B ?>=OB8O B@02<0B8G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O, 70<5=OO 53> B0:8<8 >?@545;5=8O<8, :0: AB>9:>5 B@02<0B8G5A:>5 @5784C0;L=>5 ?>2@5645=85 <>730, 4;8B5;L=>5 B@02<0B8G5A:>5 <>73>2>5 ?>2@5645=85, ?>ABB@02<0B8G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85 A;01>AB8 8B.?. (Poppelreiter, 1918; Pfeifer, 1928; Reinhardt, 1955). !>25BA:85 ?A8E80B@K :;8=8G5A:8, <>@D>;>38G5A:8 8 A ?><>ILN M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89 >1>A=>20;8 ?@02><5@=>ABL ?>=OB8O B@02<0B8G5A:>3> A;01>C<8O (.!. 5<57>20, 1938; ..C18=8=, ..5930@=8:, 1940, 1948; ..8;O@>2A:89, 1946; ..C@528G, 1948; .!.>28F:0O, 1948; "..>@4>20, 1973). >;LH8=AB2> 8AA;54>20B5;59 CB25@6405B, GB> G5@5?=>-<>73>20O B@02<0 @54:> ?@82>48B : B@02<0B8G5A:><C A;01>C<8N. > 40==K< ..5I8=A:>3> (1943), B@02<0B8G5A:>5 A;01>C<85 >?@545;5=> C B@5E 87 100;8F, ?5@5=5AH8E G5@5?=>-<>73>2CN B@02<C, ?> ..#H0:>2>9 (1960), C 987 176. ;O ?>=8<0=8O <5E0=87<0 AB0=>2;5=8O B@02<0B8G5A:>9 45<5=F88 =5>1E>48<> CB>G=8BL E0@0:B5@ B5G5=8O ?A8E8G5A:8E =0@CH5=89 ?@8 G5@5?=>-<>73>2>9 B@02<5. .!. 5<57>20 @07;8G05B B@8 AB0488 G5@5?=>-<>73>2>9 B@02<K: >AB@CN, E0@0:B5@87CNICNAO @0AAB@>9AB20<8 A>7=0=8O, A=865=85< ?>1C645=89 8 0<=5AB8:>-0D0B8G5A:8<8 O2;5=8O<8; ?>4>AB@CN, :>B>@>9 A2>9AB25= 0?0B8:>-0<=5AB8G5A:89 A8=4@><, 8 @5784C0;L=CN, 2 :>B>@>9 2KO2;ONBAO AB>9:85 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 @0AAB@>9AB20  A>1AB25==> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 =0@CH5=8O 8 87<5=5=8O 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> C@>2=O 2 A2O78 A >1I8< 70<54;5=85< B5G5=8O ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2. ..C@528G 2K45;8; G5BK@5 AB0488 B5G5=8O G5@5?=>-<>73>2>9 B@02<K. I.0G0;L=0O AB048O =01;N405BAO =5?>A@54AB25==> ?>A;5 B@02<K 8 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO ?>B5@59 A>7=0=8O @07 =>9 4;8B5;L=>AB8 (>B =5A:>;L:8E <8=CB 8 G0A>2 4> =5A:>;L:8E 4=59) 8 @07;8G=>9 3;C18=K (>B :><K 4> >1=C18;OF88), GB> 7028A8B >B AB5?5=8 BO65AB8 B@02<K 3>;>2K. > >:>=G0=88 MB>3> ?5@8>40 =0ABC?05B 0<=578O, 8=>340 =5?>;=0O. @><5 B>3>, 2 =0G0;L=>9 AB0488 1K20NB =0@CH5=8O :@>2>>1@0I5=8O, 8=>340 :@>2>B5G5=85 87 CH59, 3>@;0 8 =>A0, @2>B0, @565  AC4>@>6=K5 ?@8?04:8. 0G0;L=0O AB048O 4;8BAO 4> B@5E ACB>:, @0728202H0OAO ?@58<CI5AB25==> >1I5<>73>20O A8<?B><0B8:0 :0: 1K A:@K205B ?@87=0:8 ;>:0;L=>3> ?>@065=8O 3>;>2=>3> <>730. $C=:F88 >@30=87<0 2 :>=F5 =0G0;L=>9 AB0488 2>AAB0=02;820NBAO >B D8;>35=5B8G5A:8 1>;55 AB0@KE : 1>;55 =>2K<, ?>765 ?@8>1@5B5==K< 2 >=B>- 8 D8;>35=575: 2=0G0;5  ?C;LA 8 4KE0=85, 70I8B=K9 @5D;5:A, 7@0G:>2K5 @50:F88, 70B5< ?>O2;O5BAO 2>7<>6=>ABL @5G52>3> :>=B0:B0. II. AB@0O AB048O E0@0:B5@87C5BAO >3;CH5=85<, :>B>@>5 =5@54:> >AB05BAO, :>340 1>;L=>9 ?@8E>48B 2 A51O. =>340 A>AB>O=85 1>;L=KE =0?><8=05B >?LO=5=85. -B0 AB048O 4;8BAO =5A:>;L:> 4=59. 1I5<>73>20O A8<?B><0B8:0 845B =0 C1K;L, => =0G8=0NB ?@>O2;OBLAO A8<?B><K ;>:0;L=>3> 7=0G5=8O. %0@0:B5@=K 0AB5=8G5A:85 ?@87=0:8, @57:0O A;01>ABL, 048=0<8O, 3>;>2=K5 1>;8 8 3>;>2>:@C65=8O.  MB>9 AB0488 >B<5G0NBAO 8 ?A8E>7K, ?@>B5:0NI85 2 D>@<5 @50:F89 M:7>35==>3> B8?0, 45;8@89, :>@A0:>2A:89 A8=4@><. @8 >BACBAB288 M:7>35==KE D0:B>@>2, >A;>6=ONI8E B5G5=85 >AB@>9 AB0488, 1>;L=>9 ;81> 2K74>@02;8205B, ;81> 53> A>AB>O=85 AB018;878@C5BAO. III. >74=59 AB0488 A2>9AB25==0 =5CAB>9G82>ABL A>AB>O=8O, :>340 =5 ?>;=>ABLN 8AG57;8 A8<?B><K >AB@>9 AB0488, 0 B0:65 5I5 =5B ?>;=>3> 2K74>@>2;5=8O 8 >:>=G0B5;L=>3> >D>@<;5=8O @5784C0;L=KE 87<5=5=89. N1K5 M:7>35==K5 8 ?A8E>35==K5 2@54=>AB8 ?@82>4OB : CEC4H5=8N ?A8E8G5A:>3> A>AB>O=8O. >MB><C 2 MB>9 AB0488 G0ABK ?@5E>4OI85 ?A8E>7K 8 2>7=8:0NI85 =0 0AB5=8G5A:>9 ?>G25 ?A8E>35==K5 @50:F88. IV. 5784C0;L=0O AB048O E0@0:B5@87C5BAO AB>9:8<8 ;>:0;L=K<8 A8<?B><0<8 2A;54AB285 >@30=8G5A:>3> ?>@065=8O B:0=8 3>;>2=>3> <>730 8 DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 =54>AB0B>G=>ABLN, ?@58<CI5AB25==> 2 2845 >1I59 0AB5=870F88 8 2535B>-A>AC48AB>9 =5CAB>9G82>AB8.  MB>9 AB0488 >?@545;O5BAO B5G5=85 701>;520=8O ?> B8?C B@02<0B8G5A:>9 F5@51@0AB5=88 8;8 B@02<0B8G5A:>9 M=F5D0;>?0B88. 0@80=B>< ?>A;54=59 ..0460@>2 (1970) AG8B05B 8 B@02<0B8G5A:>5 A;01>C<85. 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'0AB>B0 @8384=>3> B8?0 C@>2=O ?@8BO70=89 C A;01>C<=KE M?8;5?B8:>2 ?>72>;O5B 4C<0BL, GB> 2 53> D>@<8@>20=88 83@0NB @>;L 420 D0:B>@0: 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=0O =54>AB0B>G=>ABL, :>B>@0O AB0=>28BAO ?@54?>AK;:>9 =5 A>2A5< 045:20B=>9 :@8B8G5A:>9 >F5=:8 1>;L=K< A2>8E 2>7<>6=>AB59, 8 E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:85 87<5=5=8O, O2;ONI85AO >B@065=85< 8=5@B=>9 CAB0=>2:8. ;O M?8;5?A88 E0@0:B5@=> ?@>3@5485=B=>5 B5G5=85 >A;01>C<;820NI53> ?@>F5AA0.  >B45;L=KE A;CG0OE, G0I5 2A53>  2 A2O78 A MDD5:B82=K< ;5G5=85<, 2>7<>6=0 >AB0=>2:0 2 @0728B88 45<5=F88. @8<5=8B5;L=> : M?8;5?B8G5A:><C A;01>C<8N -..!<KH;O52 (1959, 1960) A ?>;=K< >A=>20=85< ?>;L7C5BAO ?>=OB8O<8 45D5:B0 8 8AE>4=>3> A>AB>O=8O. @8 MB>< 45D5:B >= >?@545;O5B :0: ?>=OB85 48=0<8G5A:>5, =>AOI55 ?0@F80;L=K9 E0@0:B5@, 0 8AE>4=>5 A>AB>O=85  :0: AB>9:>5, B>B0;L=>5.  B5G5=88 M?8;5?A88 02B>@ @07;8G05B B@8 ?5@8>40: =0G0;L=K9  >B ?5@2>3> ?@8?04:0 4> ?>O2;5=8O ?@87=0:>2 45<5=F88; @0728B8O  E0@0:B5@=> =0@0AB0NI55 A;01>C<85; 8AE>4=>3> A>AB>O=8O. 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A>>B25BAB28O /..$@C<:8=0 8. /. 028;O=A:>3>).  @O45 A;CG052 <>6=> =01;N40BL, GB> 2 AB0F8>=0@5 C 1>;L=>3> >1=0@C68205BAO 7=0G8B5;L=> 1>;LH0O AB5?5=L 45<5=B=>AB8, G5< 4> ?>ABC?;5=8O 2 1>;L=8FC. A>15==> E0@0:B5@=> B0:>5 =5A>>B25BAB285 ?@8 =5>1E>48<>AB8 @5H5=8O M:A?5@B=KE 2>?@>A>2, > =0;8G88 :>B>@KE >A254><;5= 1>;L=>9. 4=0:> 2KO2;5=85 B0:>3> =5A>>B25BAB28O =5;L7O A@07C 65, 157 4;8B5;L=>3> 8 3;C1>:>3> 0=0;870, @0AA<0B@820BL :0: A8<?B>< A8<C;OF88.  B0:8E A;CG0OE CG8BK205BAO 2>7<>6=>ABL 033@020F88 1>;L=K< 45<5=F859 A2>59 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>-<=5AB8G5A:>9 =54>AB0B>G=>AB8. 0;8G85 A;01>C<8O >?@545;O5B 3@C1>-=0@>G8BK9 E0@0:B5@ 033@020F88.  AB5?5=8 A;01>C<8O 2 8725AB=>9 <5@5 <>6=> AC48BL ?> 040?B0F88 1>;L=>3> : CA;>28O< 687=8, ?> 53> @50:F88 =0 87<5=5=85 687=5==>9 A8BC0F88. 06=> A@02=820BL :@C3 8=B5@5A>2 1>;L=>3> 2 <><5=B 8AA;54>20=8O 8 4> 701>;520=8O, >1@0I0BL 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, <>65B ;8 2 A2>8E C<>70:;NG5=8OE 1>;L=>9 >?5@8@>20BL 01AB@0:B=K<8 ?>=OB8O<8. A>1>5 7=0G5=85 8<55B AB5?5=L :@8B8G=>AB8 >B=>H5=8O 1>;L=>3> : A2>8< 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>-<=5AB8G5A:8< 4>AB865=8O<, 2>7<>6=>ABL >A>7=0=8O 8< A2>59 ?A8E8G5A:>9 =5A>AB>OB5;L=>AB8. ;8=8G5A:85 :@8B5@88 ?>72>;ONB A>AB028BL >@85=B8@>2>G=>5 <=5=85 > 3;C18=5 A;01>C<8O. ;O CB>G=5=8O 53> ?A8E80B@K ?>;L7CNBAO <0B5@80;0<8 A?5F80;L=> ?@>2>48<>3> M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O, <5B>48:0 :>B>@>3> >A25I05BAO 2 A?5F80;L=KE @C:>2>4AB20E (!./. C18=HB59=, 1970; ..;59E5@, 1971)." "#   HYPERLINK "http://psychiatry.ru/library/lib/show.php4?id=90" ;8=8:0 ?@8>1@5B5==>3> A;01>C<8O . . ;59E5@ 10H52->=AB0=B8=>2A:89..  A8=4@><0E A;01>C<8O ?>A;5 >AB@KE @0AAB@>9AB2 <>73>2>3> :@>2>>1@0I5=8O. 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