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A:;NG5=85 ?@54AB02;O5B . . 8;N:>2, CA<0B@820NI89 2 :=O75 A525@=KE 20@20@>2 1>;30@A:>3> F0@O !8<5>=0. 2 >25ABL 2@5<5==KE ;5B ?> 02@5=BL52A:><C A?8A:C, A. 50. 3 !<.:  0 1 5 = : >. 07?>2AN645==O AB0@>402=L>1 !0;B12AL:>'1 B0 AE>68E =0 Hei :C;LBC@ 2 <560E !EI=>1 2@>?8,. 1930. 4  0 1 5 = : >. # :. A>G.; 3> 65. =52=8: @0A:>?>: 2 . !0;B>25, ?@>872545==KE 2 1905 3. // "@C4K XIII @E5>;. AJ5740. ". I;  3 > 65. 'B> 40;8 =>2K5 @0A:>?:8 2 . !0;B>25; 3> 65. >?>;=5=8O : 4>:;04C 'B> 40;8 =>2K5 @0A:>?:8 2 . !0;B>25 // "@C4K XIII @E5>;. AJ5740; 3> 65. @>4>;65=85 A8AB5<0B8G5A:8E @0A:>?>: 2 . !0;B>25 // "@C4K XIV @E5>;. AJ5740. ". III; 3> 65. @52=5-A0;B>2A:85 ?@84>=5F:85 >:@08=K N6=>9 >AA88 // "@C4K XII @E5>;. AJ5740; 3> 65. 0<OB=8:8 E070@A:>9 :C;LBC@K =0 N35 >AA88 // "@C4K XV @E5>;. AJ5740. ". I; 0:0@5=:> . @E5>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O 1905 1907 33. // 725AB8O @E5>;. :><8AA88. K?. 43;8;NB8= . 0A:>?:8 1906 3. =0 0OF:>< 3>@>48I5 // 725AB8O @E5>;>3, :><8AA88. K?. 29;C;0:>2A:89 .. %@8AB80=AB2> C 0;0= // 870=B89A:89 2@5<5==8:. 1898. ! 1; 3> 65. ;0=K ?> A2545=8O< :;0AA8G5A:8E 8 2870=B89A:8E ?8A0B5;59;  > B L 5 .. 5;57=K9 25: 2 >AB>G=>9 2@>?5; 3> 65. B> 1K;8 >18B0B5;8 5@E=53> !0;B>20 // 725AB8O . ". V; >:@>2A:89 . . 5@E=5-!0;B>2A:89 <>38;L=8: // "@C4K XII @E5>;. AJ5740. ". I; >@>4-F>2 . 57C;LB0BK 0@E5>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89 2 7N<A:>< C. %0@L:>2A:>9 3C1. 2 1901 3. // "@C4K XII @E5>;. AJ5740. ". I; ! ? 8 F 8 = . . @E5>;>38O 2 B5<0E =0G0;L=>9 @CAA:>9 8AB>@88 // !1>@=8: AB0B59 ?> @CAA:>9 8AB>@88, ?>A2OI. !. $. ;0B>=>2C; 3> 65. AB>@8:>-0@E5>;>38G5A:85 @>7KA:0=8O. A:>==K5 >18B0B5;8 >=0 8 >=F0. // C@=0; <-20 =0@. ?@>52. 1909.1; @B0<>=>2 . . !@54=525:>2K5 ?>A5;5=8O =0 86=5< >=C; 3> 6 5. 5F5=78O =0 :=83C @5=4B0, ?><5I5==0O 2 6C@=0;5 @>1;5<K 8AB>@88 4>:0?8B0;8AB8G5A:8E >1I5AB2. 1935. ! 9 10; 0<OB8= !. @E5>;>38G5A:85 @07254:8 2 ;5:A552-A:>< 8 0;C9A:>< C5740E // >@>=56A:89 8AB>@8:>-0@E5>;>38G5A:89 25AB=8:; 030;59 . . CAA:0O 8AB>@8O. 1921. ". I. 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A>G. ". I. !. 72. 2  > B L 5 .. 5;57=K9 25: 2 >AB>G=>9 2@>?5, 8;;NAB@. =0 A. 61. 3>@>4F>2 . 57C;LB0BK 0@E5>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89 2 7N<A:>< C. %0@L:>2A:>9 3C1. 2 1901 3. //"@C4K XII @E5>;. AJ5740. ". I. !. 211 213; 015=:>. =52=8: @0A:>?>: 2 . !0;B>25, ?@>872545==KE 2 1905 3. // "@C4K XIII @E5>;. AJ5740. ". I. !. 388 389; 50 5B =8:0:8E A><=5=89 2 B><, GB> 68B5;8 3>@>48I A0;B>2>-<0OF:>3> B8?0  2G5@0H=85 :>G52=8:8, 5I5 =5 ?>@202H85 A2O78 A :>G52K< A:>B>2>4AB2><, =5402=> ;8HL ?5@5H54H85 : >A54;><C 75<;545;LG5A:><C E>7O9AB2C. B> 65 1K;8 =0A5;L=8:8 !0;B>20, 0OF:>3> 8 ?@>G8E 0=0;>38G=KE 8< 3>@>48I? !0;B>2A:CN :C;LBC@C ?@8?8AK20;8 ?>;>2F0<, :0: MB> 2KA:070; 2=0G0;5 A0< <<>B:@LNH89>> A0;B>2A:CN :C;LBC@C 015=:>,1 ?@87=0202H89 ?>74=55 55 A>740B5;O<8 E070@. %070@0< ?@8?8AK20;8 55 030;59,2 0=8;528G,3 !0<>:20A>2.4 . . !?8F8=, .. >BL5, . 0:0@5=:> 8 5@578= 2845;8 2 55 A>740B5;OE 0;0=.5 . /. 0@@ >AB>@>6=> C:07K205B, GB> ?0<OB=8:8 A0;B>2>-<0OF:>3> B8?0 ?@8=8<0NBAO 70 E070@A:85.6 O4 8AA;54>20B5;59 A2O7K20NB A0;B>2>-<0OF:CN :C;LBC@C A 25=3@0<8.7 . . !?8F8= A>25@H5==> A?@0254;82> A2O7K20; A0;B>2>-<0OF:CN :C;LBC@C A A0@<0BA:8< >1I5AB2><, 8 . . @B0<>=>2 A:;>=5= CA<0B@820BL 2 A>740B5;OE 55 >AB0B:8 A0@<0BA:8E ?;5<5= A028@>2 8 1>;30@, A:@5I5==KE A 3C==A:8<8 8 BN@:A:8<8 M;5<5=B0<8. %070@K, =5A><=5==>, @>4AB25==K 1>;30@0<. E O7K:8 1;87:8 8 >B;8G0NBAO >B BN@:A:8E, 8 =5A><=5==K< >AB0B:>< 8E O2;O5BAO OD5B8G5A:89 BN@:878@CNI89AO O7K: GC20H59, =0 :>B>@>< !0@:5; 1C:20;L=> >7=0G05B 15;0O 10H=O, GB> ?>4B25@6405BAO 8 >=AB0=B8=>< 03@O=>@>4=K< 8 @CAA:8<8 ;5B>?8AO<8. 0 =0;8G85 1>;30@A:>3> M;5<5=B0 2 A0;B>2>-<0OF:>9 :C;LBC@5 3>2>@8B =0;8G85 >1I8E G5@B <564C 55 25I5AB25==K<8 ?0<OB=8:0<8 8 25I5AB25==K<8 ?0<OB=8:0<8 4@52=59 AB>;8FK 4C=09A:8E 1>;30@ 1>1K. 1>10, @0=55 =07K202H0OAO ;8A:>2 (>BAN40 8 55 =0720=85 1>10-;8A:0), 1K;0 1>;30@A:>9 AB>;8F59 4> B>3> :0: 5N AB0;0 5;8:0O @5A;020, B. 5. 4> X 2. 1>10-;8A:0 ACI5AB2>20;0 2 VIII IX 22. 8 ?>74=55, => A X 2. 55 7=0G5=85 3> 65. >?>;=5=8O : 4>:;04C 'B> 40;8 =>2K5 @0A:>?:8 2 . !0;B>25//"0< 65. ". III. !. 400 410; 3> 65. @>4>;65=85 A8AB5<0B8G5A:8E @0A:>?>: 2 . !0;B>25 // "@C4K XIV @E5>;: AJ5740. ". III. !. 238 239; 3> 65. 07?>2AN645==OAB0@>402=L>1 !0;B12AL:>1 B0 AE>68E =0 Hei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BAN40 8 8E >1;0AB=8G5A:85 B5=45=F88, BO3>B5=85 : 1 >23>@>4A:0O I ;5B>?8AL. !. 19. " 0@A>2 . . !;>2> > ?>;:C 3>@525, :0: EC4>65AB25==K9 ?0<OB=8: 852A:>9 4@C68==>9 CA8. 1887. ". 111. !. 421 423. 192 <05<;5 8 75<O=><C AB@>5=8N. !B@5<;5=85 <5AB=KE 1>O@ >B45;8BLAO >B 8520 C:@5?;O;> ;L3>28G59 8 CA8;820;> 8E A0<>AB>OB5;L=>ABL. ;L3>28-G8 2A5340 2KABC?0;8 =5 70 =0@>4=K5 =87K, 0 ?@>B82 =8E. 5 A;CG09=> G5@=83>2>-A525@A:85 :=O7LO 8 8E <C68 2KABC?0NB 2 @>;8 ?>4028B5;59 ?5@2KE 2>AAB0=89 A<5@4>2 8 3>@>60=, ?@>B5:02H8E 2 >1>;>G:5 2>AAB0=89 2>;E2>2.1 2. 1>A>1;5=85 '5@=83>2>-!525@A:>9 8 5@5OA;02;LA:>9 75<5;L KAB@K9 @>AB D5>40;L=>3> 75<;52;045=8O 2 XI 2., @0728B85 8 C:@5?;5=85 D5>40;L=KE >B=>H5=89, >B@0782H85AO 2 CAA:>9 @0245 /@>A;028-G59, ?>4B0G820;8 8<?5@8N N@8:>28G59  852A:>5 3>AC40@AB2> 8 A?>A>1AB2>20;8 55 4@>1;5=8N. . 0@:A C:07K205B: @8 /@>A;025... =0G8=05BAO 70:0B 3>B8G5A:>9 >AA88. AB>@8O MB>3> 70:0B0, 5I5 1>;LH5, G5< 8AB>@8O 702>520=8O 8 >1@07>20=8O 3>AC40@AB20, 4>:07K205B 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 3>B8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@ 8<?5@88 N@8:>28G59. 5A>>1@07=0O, =5A:;04=0O 8 A:>@>A?5;0O 8<?5@8O, A>AB02;5==0O N@8:>28G0<8 87 ;>A:CBL52, ?>4>1=> 4@C38< 8<?5@8O< 0=0;>38G=>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O, @0A?040;0AL =0 C45;K, 45;8;0AL 8 ?>4@0745;O;0AL <564C ?>B><:0<8 702>520B5;59, 1K;0 @0748@05<0 D5>40;L=K<8 2>9=0<8 8 B5@O;0 F5;K5 >1;0AB8 2A;54AB285 8=B5@25=F88 A>A54=8E =0@>4>2....2 ! XI 2., ?>A;5 A<5@B8 /@>A;020, =0G8=05BAO ?5@8>4 D5>40;L=>9 @074@>1;5==>AB8, :>340 >AA8O 1K;0 @074@>1;5=0 =0 <=>65AB2> A0<>AB>OB5;L=KE ?>;C3>AC40@AB2.3 >A8B5;O<8 B5=45=F88 D5>40;L=>3> @074@>1;5=8O 75<5;L 2KABC?0;8 D5>40;K: :=O7LO, 1>O@5, 4@C68==8:8 8 B. 4. 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Secret diplomatic history of the eighteenth century. 1899. C. 77. 3 0<5G0=8O B>20@8I59 . !B0;8=0, !. 8@>20 8 . 40=>20 =0 :>=A?5:B CG51=8:0 ?> 8AB>@88 !!! .  ?@5?>4020=88 8AB>@88 2 H:>;5. , #G?54387, 1936. !. 5. 7 . . 02@>48= 193 3> 1>O@AB20, AB@5<82H53>AO : >1>A>1;5=8N >B 8520. =8 AB@5<8;8AL ?>;CG8BL A2>53> A0<>AB>OB5;L=>3> :=O7O, >17025AB8AL A2>59 :=O65A:>9 ;8=859, 8 MB0 B5=45=F8O A>2?040;0 A> AB@5<;5=85< /@>A;020 2 :064K9 B0:>9 @0ABCI89 F5=B@ 75<;8 ?>A048BL A2>53> AK=0. 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"0:8< >1@07><, =0G0;> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=K XI 2. >7=0<5=>2K205BAO A>740=85< A0<>AB>OB5;L=>3> '5@=83>2>-!525@A:>3> :=O65=8O, => C65 =0 8=>9, =5A:>;L:> AC65==>9 A> 2@5<5= AB8A;020 B5@@8B>@88, >B :>B>@>9 >BE>48B N6=0O 55 G0ABL, >1@07CNI0O A0<>AB>OB5;L=>5 5@5OA;02;LA:>5 :=O65AB2>.  ?>A;54=5<C, ?> 45;5=8N B>3> 2@5<5=8, >B>H5; 8 C@A: A >A5<L5<. '5@=83>2A:>5 :=O65AB2> 70E20BK20;> 3@><04=CN G0ABL 52>15@56LO: >1;0ABL A525@O=, 75<;8 @048<8G59 8 2OB8G59, "<CB0@0:0=L 8 B5@@8B>@8N C@><>- O70=A:>3> :=O65AB20. @><5 B>3>, >4=> 2@5<O ?@8=04;560;> !2OB>A;02C '5@=83>2A:><C 8 5;>>75@>, 8 B0< A>18@0; 40=L 53> 40=KF8:, /= KH0B8G. >AC;L5 A 5@5OA;02;5<, C@A: A >A5<L5<, 0 ?>A;5 >AB8A;020 ;048<8@>28G0 >AB>2, !C740;L, 2?>A;54AB288 8 5;>>75@> ?@8=04;560;8 A52>;>4C 5@5OA;02;LA:><C.1 @8 MB>< A;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> MB8 B5@@8B>@88 1K;8 ?>;CG5=K ?5@5OA-;02;LA:8< :=O75< =5 A@07C, 0 4>1KBK ?>AB5?5==>, 8 =5:>B>@K5, :0: >AB>2, !C740;L, 5;>>75@L5 8 >A5<L5, 1K;8 2?>A;54AB288 ?>B5@O=K. '5< >1CA;>2;5=> ?>4>1=>5 @0745;5=85 8 @0A:>; =5:>340 548=>9 !525@A:>9 75<;8 =0 420 :=O65AB20? O4 8AA;54>20B5;59 >A=>2=>9 ?@8G8=>9 ?>4>1=>3> 45;5=8O 8 ?@52@0I5=8O 5@5OA;02;LA:>3> :=O65AB20 2 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>5 D5>40;L=>5 ?>;8B8G5A:>5 >1@07>20=85 AG8B0NB @07;8G85 2 MB=8G5A:>< A>AB025 5@5OA;02;LA:>9 8 A>1AB25==> !525@A:>9 75<;8. 5@5OA;02FK C =5:>B>@KE >25ABL 2@5<5==KE ;5B ?> 02@5=BL52A:><C A?8A:C, A. 157, 170 171;>;C1>2-A:89 . . AB>@8O !525@A:>9 75<;8 4> ?>;>28=K XIV AB>;5B8O. !. 62 64, 030-;59 . . AB>@8O !525@A:>9 75<;8 4> ?>;>28=K XIV AB>;5B8O. !. 161 162;!>;>2L52 !. AB>@8O >AA88 A 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5=. ". II. !. 287 289; 0@0<78= . . AB>@8O 3>AC40@AB20 >AA89A:>3>. ". II, ?@8<. 50;  @ C H 5 2 A : 8 9 . !. 1AB>@1O #:@068- CA8. ". II. !. 235,236, 252,254; OA:>@>=A:89 . AB>@8O 5@5OA;02;LA:>9 75<;8 A 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5= 4> ?>;>28=K XIII AB>;5B8O. !. 291;=4@8OH52 . 0@8A icTopii" :>;>H708? 5-@5OA;02AL:>! 75<;1 4> ?>G0B:C XVI 21:C // 0?8A:8 :B>@8G=>-DH>;>38G=>3> 214I;C. A5C:@. :. 0C:. 1931. =. 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AB>@8O 5@5OA;02;LA:>9 75<;8 A 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5= 4> ?>;>28=K XIII AB>;5B8O. !. 297. 4 >25ABL 2@5<5==KE ;5B ?> 02@5=BL52A:><C A?8A:C, A. 193. 5 0<5G0=8O B>20@8I59 . !B0;8=0, . 40=>20 8 !. 8@>20 ?> ?>2>4C :>=A?5:B0 CG51=8:0 ?> AB>@88 !!! , &. . @0240 >B 27/1  1936 3. 6  0 @ : A . Secret diplomatic history of the eighteenth century, >=4>=, 1899. 7 M a p : A . #:. 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