Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ
1
Downs R. M., Stea D. Maps in Minds. Reflections on Cognitive Mapping. New York, 1977. P. 23, 41. Îòëè÷íûé îáçîð èññëåäîâàíèé «ìåíòàëüíûõ êàðò» ñì. â ðàáîòå: Øåíê Á. Ìåíòàëüíûå êàðòû. Êîíñòðóèðîâàíèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà â Åâðîïå ñî âðåìåíè ýïîõè Ïðîñâåùåíèÿ // Ìèëëåð À. (ðåä.) Ðåãèîíàëèçàöèÿ ïîñòêîììóíèñòè÷åñêîé Åâðîïû. Ñåðèÿ «Ïîëèòè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ». Ì.: ÈÍÍÎÉ, 2001. ¹ 4.
2
Said Eward W. Orientalism. New York, 1979.
3
Áîëåå ïîäðîáíûé àíàëèç íåìåöêèõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ñìîòðè â ðàáîòàõ: Lemberg Hans. Zur Entstehung des Osteuropabegriffs im 19. Jahrhundert. Vom «Norden» zum «Osten» Europas, in: Jahrb"ucher f"ur Geschichte Osteuropas, NF, 33.1985. S. 48–91; Groh Dieter, Russland im Blick Europas. 300 Jahre historische Perspektiven. Frankfurt. 1988; Kopelev Lev (Hg.), West-"ostliche Spiegelungen. Reihe A. Russen und Russland aus deutscher Sicht. Band 2, 18. Jahrhundert: Aufkl"arung, M"unchen, 1987.
4
Todorova M. Imagining the Balkans. New York, 1997; Neumann her B. The Uses of the Other. «The East» in European Identity Formation. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1999.
5
Ïîäðîáíåå î äèñêóðñå Öåíòðàëüíîé Åâðîïû è ìåñòå â íåì Ðîññèè ñì.: Ìèëëåð À. È. Òåìà Öåíòðàëüíîé Åâðîïû: èñòîðèÿ, ñîâðåìåííûå äèñêóðñû è ìåñòî â íèõ Ðîññèè // Íîâîå ëèòåðàòóðíîå îáîçðåíèå. 2001. ¹ 52 (6). Ñ. 75–96.
6
Brodsky Joseph. Why Milan Kundera Is Wrong About Dostoevsky? // Cross Currents. 1986. ¹ 5. C. 477–483. Öèòàòà ñî ñ. 481.
7
Neumann her Â. The Uses of the Other. P. 111.
8
Churchill Winston. The Iron Curtain // Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat: The Speeches of Winston Churchill, ed. David Cannadine. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989. P. 303–305.
9
Tacitus. Germania // The Agricola and the Germania, trans. H. Mattingly and S. A. Handford. London: Penguin, 1970. P. 114.
10
Coxe William. Travels into Poland // Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark: Interspersed with Historical Relations and Political Inquiries. London, 1785; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1971, preface.
11
S'egur Louis-Philippe, comte de. M'emoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de S'egur, vol. I, in Biblioth`eque des m'emoires: relatif `a l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e si`ecle, vol. XIX, ed. M. Fs. Barri`ere. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Fr`eres, 1859; Ledyard John. John Ledyard’s Journey Through Russia and Siberia 1787–1788: The Journal and Selected Letters, ed. Stephen D. Watrous. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1966.
12
Mansuy, Abel. Le Monde slave et les classiques francais aux XVI–XVII si`ecles. Pr'eface de Charles Diehl. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honor'e Champion, 1912. P. 8, 10.
13
Said Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books, 1979. P. 1–3.
14
Bernal Martin. Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, vol. I, The Fabrication of Ancient Greece 1785–1985. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1987; Chabod Federico. Storia dell’idia d’Europa. Bari: Editori Laterza, 1965. P. 82–121; Hay, Danys, Europe: The Emergence of an Idea. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1968. P. 117–127; Duroselle Jean-Baptiste. L’Id'ee d’Europe dans l’histoire. Paris: Deno"el, 1965. P. 77–133; Tazbir Janusz. Poland and the Concept of Europe in the Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries, European Studies Review 7, no. I (Jan. 1977): 29–45.
15
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Briefe, ed. Horst Wandrey. Z"urich: Diogenes, 1982. P. 371.
16
Wallerstein Immanuel. The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press, 1974. P. 97.
17
Ibid. P. 301.
18
The Origins of Backwardness in the Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages Until the Early Twentieth Century. Ed. by Daniel Chirot. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1989. P. 1–15.
19
Segel Harold B. Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism 1470–1543. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1989. P. 13; Maczak Antoni. Progress and Under-Development in the Eyes of Renaissance and Baroque Man, Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 9 (1974): 77–94.
20
Mansuy A. P. 32, 56–57.
21
Ibid. P. 14–15.
22
Margeret Jacques. The Russian Empire and Grand Duchy of Muscovy: A 17th-Century French Account, trans. Chester S.L. Dunning. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1983. P. 8, 10, 23.
23
Smith John. Travels and Works of Captain John Smith: President of Virginia, and Admiral of New England, 1580–1631, ed. Edward Arber, Part II. Edinburgh: John Grant, 1910. P. 805, 857, 866–868.
24
Olearius Adam. The Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth-Century Russia, trans. Samuel H. Baron. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1967. P. 126–147; see also Leitsch Walter. Westeurop"aische Reiseberichte "uber den Moskauer Staat // Reiseberichte als Quellen europ"aischer Kulturgeschichte: Aufgaben und M"oglichkeiten der historischen Reiseforschung, ed. Antoni Maczak and Hans J"urgen Teuteberg. Wolfenb"uttel: Herzog August Bibliothek, 1982. P. 153–176.
25
Milton John. A Brief History of Moscovia: And of Other Less-Known Countries Lying Eastward of Russia as far as Cathay. London: Blackamore Press, 1929. P. 32.
26
Boswell James. The Life of Samuel Johnson, ed. Frank Brady. New York: New American Library, 1968. P. 236–237.
27
Elias Norbert. The History of Manners, trans. Edmund Jephcott. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978. P. 44–50; Moras Joachim.Ursprung und Entwicklung des Begriffs der Zivilisation in Frankreich (1756–1830), in Hamburger Studien zu Volkstum und Kultur der Romanen, vol. 6. Hamburg: Seminar f"ur romanische Sprachen und Kultur, 1930. P. 4–8, 32–43, 46–47, 55–57, 63; Febvre Lucien. Civilisation: Evolution of a Word and a Group of Ideas // A New Kind of History: From the Writtings of Febvre, ed. Peter Burke, trans. K. Folca. New York: Harper and Row, 1973. P. 219–257.
28
S`egur I. P. 329–330.
29
Balzac Honor'e de. Cousin Bette, trans. Marion Ayton Crawford. London: Penguin, 1965. P. 229–230.
30
Wolff Larry. The Vatican and Poland in the Age of the Partitions: Diplomatic and Cultural Encounters at the Warsaw Nunciature. New York and Boulder: Columbia Univ. Press, East European Monographs, 1988. P. 178.
31
Garton Ash Timothy. Does Central Europe Exist? The New York Review of Books (Oct. 9, 1986), republished in The Uses of Adversity: Essays on the Fate of Central Europe. New York: Random House, 1989. P. 179–213; Garton Ash, Timothy. Mitteleuropa? Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 119, no. I (Winter 1990): Eastern Europe… Central Europe… Europe. P. 1–21; Kumar Krishan. The 1989 Revolutions and the Idea of Europe, Political Studies 40 (1992): 439–461: Evans R.J.W. Essay and Reflection: Frontiers and National Identities in Central Europe, The International History Review 14, no. 3 (Aug. 1992). P. 480–502; Okey Pobin. Central Europe/Eastern Europe: Behind the Definitions, Past and Present 137 (Nov. 1992). P. 102–133; Neumann Iver B. Russia as Central Europe’s Constituting Other, East European Politics and Societies 7, no. 2 (Spring 1993). P. 349–369.
32
Gorbachev Mikhail. Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World. New York: Harper and Row, Perennial Library, 1988. P. 177, 180.
33
S'egur L.-P., comte de. M'emoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de S'egur. Vol. I // Biblioth`eque des m'emoires: relatif `a l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e si`ecle. Vol. XIX. Ed. M. Fs. Barri`ere. Paris: Librarie de Firmin Didot Fr`eres, 1859. P. 288–289, 293 [Â ïåðåâîäå öèòàò èç âîñïîìèíàíèé Ñåãþðà èñïîëüçîâàí ñòàðûé àíîíèìíûé ïåðåâîä åãî «Çàïèñîê»: Ðóññêèé àðõèâ. 1907. ¹ 9–11. — Ïðèìå÷. ðåä.]
34
Ibid. P. 293.
35
Ibid. P. 300.
36
Ibid.
37
Ibid. P. 301.
38
Ibid. P. 302.
39
Ibid. P. 301.
40
Ibid. P. 316–317.
41
Ibid. P. 329–330.
42
Ibid. P. 332–333.
43
Ibid. P. 333.
44
Ibid. P. 399.
45
S'egur Louis-Philippe, comte de. M'emoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de S'egur. Vol. II // Biblioth`eque des m'emoires: relatif `a l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e si`ecle. Vol. XX / Ed. M. Fs. Barri`ere. Paris: Librarie de Firmin Didot Fr`eres, 1859. P. 93.
46
Ibid.
47
Ibid. Vol. I. P. 356.
48
Seven Britons in Imperial Russia 1698–1812. Ed. by P. Putnam. Princeton (N.J.): Princeton Univ. Press, 1952. P. 237–241; ñì. òàêæå: Ñîõå, William // Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. IV. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, [s.a.]. P. 1346–47.
49
Mead W. E. The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914. P. 4.
50
Coxe W. Travels into Poland // Coxe W. Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark: Interspersed with Historical Relations and Political Inquiries. London, 1785 [ðåïðèíò: N.Y.: Arno Press and New York Times, 1971]. P. 122.
51
Ibid. P. 125.
52
Ibid. P. 148–149.
53
Craven E. A Journey Through the Crimea to Constantinople: In a Series of Letters from the Right Honourable Elizabeth Lady Craven, to His Serene Highness the Margrave of brandenbourg, anspach, and Bareith, Written in the Year MDCCLXXXVI. Dublin, 1789 [ðåïðèíò: N.Y.: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970]. P. 158.
54
Coxe W. Op. cit. P. 186–187.
55
S'egur L.-F. Op. cit. Vol. I. P. 329; Coxe W. Op. cit. P. 150.
56
Coxe W. Op. cit. P. 191, 197, 199.
57
Ibid. P. 193.
58
Ibid. P. 142, 188, 201, 205.
59
Ibid. P. 143–144.
60
Ibid. P. 209.
61
Ibid.
62
Ibid. P. 209–210.
63
Ibid. P. 205; Coxe, Travels into Poland and Russia // Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, 5th ed. (London, 1802; reprinted New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970), I. P. 251.
64
Coxe. Travels into Poland and Russia, I. P. 255–256, 272; ñì. òàêæå: Anthony Cross. British Knowledge of Russian Culture (1968–1801) // Canadian-American Slavic Studies 13, no.4 (Winter 1979): 412–435.
65
Coxe. Travels into Poland and Russia, I. P.267, 270.
66
Ibid., I. P. 271–272; II. P. 68–69.
67
Ibid., I. P. 268.
68
Ibid., I. P. 277.
69
Ibid., I. P. 283.
70
Ibid., I. P. 283–285.
71
Ibid., I. P. 287–289.
72
Ibid., I. P. 306–307.
73
Ibid., II. P. 66, 69, 70.
74
Ibid., II. P. 62, 64, 67, 72.
75
Ibid., II. P. 77, 91–94.
76
Ibid., II. P. 97–98.
77
Ibid., II. P. 107.
78
Ibid., II. P. 104, 134.
79
Ibid., II. P. 121–122.
80
Ibid., II. P. 140, 156.
81
Montagu Lady Mary Mortley. The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, ed. Robert Halsband, Vol. I (1708–1720) (Oxford: Claredon Press, 1965). P. 293–296.
82
Ibid. P. 295–297.
83
Ibid. P. 297.
84
Antalffy Gyula. A Thousand Years of travel in Old Hungary, trans. Elisabeth Hoch (Hungary: Kner, 1980). P. 220.
85
Montagu. P. 297–299.
86
Ibid. P. 301–303.
87
Ibid. P. 305.
88
Antalffy. P. 114–118.
89
Montagu. P. 307.
90
Ibid. P. 304, 316.
91
Ibid. P. 313–314, 320.
92
Ibid. P. 309–310, 312.
93
Ibid. P. 337.
94
Salaberry // La Grand Encyclop'edie (Paris: Librarie Larousse, 1886–1902). Vol. 29. P. 326–327; Carra Jean-Louis. Histori'e de la Moldavie et de la Valachie (Jassy: Soci'et'e Typographique des Deux-Points, 1777). P. XV.
95
Salaberry d’Irumberry, Charles-Marie, marquis de. Voyage `a Constantinopole, en Italie, et aux oles de l’Archipel, par l’Allemagne et la Hongrie (Paris: Imprimirie de Crapelet, 1799). P. 65–66, 69.
96
Ibid. P. 76, 81.
97
Ibid. P. 82–83.
98
Antalffy. P. 189–192.
99
Salaberry. P. 86, 91–92.
100
Ibid. P. 97–98.
101
Antalffy. P. 194, 201.
102
Salaberry. P. 102–104, 110.
103
Ibid. P. 100–101.
104
Ibid. P. 124.
105
Ibid. P. 82, 125; Montagu. P. 340.
106
Salaberry. P. 134, 138.
107
Ibid. P. 143.
108
Montagu. P. 358; Salaberry. P. 145.
109
Salaberry. P. 214–216.
110
Ibid. P. 167.
111
Ibid. P. 184–186.
112
Ibid. P. 152.
113
Ibid. P. 148.
114
Casanova Giacomo. History of My Life. Trans. Willard Trask, Vol. 10 (London: Longman, 1971). P. 99.
115
Ibid. P. 110–112.
116
Ibid. P. 112–113.
117
Palmer R. R., Colton, Joel. The Transformation of Eastern Europe, 1648–1740 // A History of the Modern World, 3rd. Ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965). P. 174; ñì. òàêæå: Blum Jerome. The Rise of Serfdom in Eastern Europe. American Historical Review 62, no.4 (July 1957): 807–836.
118
Casanova. History of My Life. P. 159.
119
Documents of Catherine the Great: The Correspondence with Voltaire and the Instruction of 1767. Ed. W.F.Reddaway (1931; New York: Russel `a Russel, 1971). P. 159.
120
Casanova, History of My Life. P. 135.
121
Ibid. P. 114–116; Casanova Giacomo. The Life and Memoirs of Casanova, Vol. I, trans. Arthur Machen. Ed. George Dunning Gribble (1929; reprinted New York: Da Capo, 1984). P. 320.
122
Casanova. History of My Life. P. 114–115.
123
Ibid. P. 114–116.
124
Ibid. P. 119.
125
Casanova. The Life and Memoirs. P. 139.
126
Casanova. History of My Life. P. 120.
127
Ibid. P. 130.
128
Ibid. P. 118.
129
Ibid. P. 121.
130
Ibid. P. 121–122.
131
Sade. Juliette. Trans. Austryn Wainhouse. New York: Grove Press, 1968. P. 891.
132
Casanova. History of My Life. P. 124–125.
133
Ibid. P. 125.
134
Ibid. P. 127.
135
Ibid. P. 129–130.
136
Ibid. P. 131.
137
Ibid. P. 138–142.
138
Ibid. P. 132.
139
Ibid. P. 133.
140
Ibid. P. 154.
141
Ibid. P. 156.
142
Ibid.
143
Ibid.
144
Ibid. P. 177.
145
Ibid. P. 202.
146
Ibid.
147
S'egur, Louis-Philippe, comte de. M'emoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de S'egur. Vol. I // Biblioth`eque des m'emoires: relatif `a l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e si`ecle. Vol. XIX. Ed. M.Fs. Barri`ere. Paris: Librarie de Firmin Didot Fr`eres, 1859. P. 300, 329.
148
Ibid., I. P. 331.
149
Ibid., I. P. 432.
150
Ibid., I. P. 343.
151
Ibid., I. P. 345.
152
Ibid., I. P. 338–340.
153
Ibid., I. P. 341–343.
154
S'egur Louis-Philippe, comte de. M'emoirse, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de S'egur. Vol. II // Biblioth`eque des m'emoires: relatif `a l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e si`ecle. Vol. XX. Ed. M.Fs. Barri`ere. Paris: Librarie de Firmin Didot Fr`eres, 1859. P. 9–10.
155
Ibid., I. P. 336–337.
156
Ibid., II. P. 79.
157
Ibid., II. P. 80.
158
Ibid.
159
Ibid., II. P. 165–168.
160
Morison Samuel Eliot. John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biography (1959; New York: Times Incorporated, 1964). P. 338–393.
161
Ibid. P. 13.
162
Ibid. P. 406–409; S'egur, II. P. 166.
163
S'egur, II. P. 170, 178.
164
Lewis Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1968. P. 48–49.
165
Tott Francois de. M'emoires du baron de Tott sur les Turcs et les Tartars. Amsterdam, 1785. Discours pr'eliminaire. P. vii — xxi; Tott. Premiere partie (I). P. 5.
166
Tott. Second parie (II). P. 6; ñì. òàêæå: Vernois A.M.F. Verdy du. Essais de G'eographie, de Politique, et d’Histoire sur les possessions de l’Empereur des Turcs en Europe: pour servir de suite aux M'emoirs du Baron de Tott. London, 1785.
167
Tott, II. P. 11.
168
Ibid., II. P. 12–13.
169
Ibid., II. P. 14–15.
170
Montagu Lady Mary Wortley. The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Ed. Robert Halsband. Vol. I (1708–1720). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965). P. 311.
171
Tott, II. P. 17.
172
Ibid., II. P. 18–20.
173
Ibid., II. P. 21–23.
174
Craven Elizabeth. A Journey Through the Crimea to Constantinople: In a Series of Letters from the right Honourable Elizabeth Lady Craven, to His Serene Highness the Margrave of Brandebourg, Anspach, and Bareith, Written in the Year MDCCLXXXVI. Dublin, 1785; reprinted New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970. P. 372, 382.
175
Coxe William. Travels in Poland and Russia.
176
Ibid., I. P. 391.
177
Ibid., I. P. 392–393.
178
Ibid., I. P. 392.
179
Ibid., II. P. 74.
180
Ibid.
181
Ibid., I. P. 390.
182
Antalffy Gyula. A Thousand Years of Travel in Old Hungary, trans. Elisabeth Hoch. Hungary: Kner, 1980. P. 198–201.
183
Salaberry d’Irumberry Charles-Marie, marquis. Voyage `a Constantinople, en Italie, et aux oles de l’Archipel, par l’Allemagne et la Hongrie. Paris: Imprimerie de Crapelet, 1799. P. 89.
184
Ibid. P. 95.
185
Coxe. Travels in Poland and Russia, III. P. 116–117; see also Cross Anthony. The Philanthropist, the Travelling Tutor, and the Empress: British Visitors and Catherine II’s Plans for Penal and Medical Reform // Russia and the World of the Eighteenth Century, eds. R. P. Barlett, A. G. Cross, and Karen Rasmussen. Columbus, Ohio: Slavic Publishers, 1988. P. 214–228.
186
III. P. 110.
187
Ibid., 110–111.
188
Ibid.
189
Sade. Julliette. P. 882, 885.
190
Marshall Joseph. Travels Through Germany, Russia, and Poland in the Years 1769 and 1770. London, 1772: rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1971. P. 126, 167, 243.
191
Parkinson John. A Tour of Russia, Siberia, and the Crimea, 1792–1794, ed. William Collier. London: Frank Cass, 1971. P. 11.
192
Marshall. P. 142, 174, 151.
193
Montesquieu Charles Secondat, baron. The Spirit of the Laws. Trans. Thomas Nugent. New York: Hafner, 1949. Vol. I. P. 235; 3.
194
Marshall. P. 146, 196.
195
Ibid. P. 188.
196
Ibid. P. 122, 270–271, 308.
197
Seven Britons in Imperial Russia 1698–1812. Ed. by Peter Putman. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1952. P. 125–140; and «Richardson, William», Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Univ. Press. Vol. XVI. P. 1139.
198
Richardson William. Anecdotes of the Russian Empire: In a Series of Letters Written, a Few Years Ago, from St. Petersburg. London, 1784; rpt. London: Frank Cass, 1968. P. 51–54, 203–206.
199
Ibid. P. 6, 475.
200
Ibid. P. 68–70, 215, 247.
201
Ibid. P. 374–375; see also Venturi Franco. From Scotland to Russia: An Eighteenth-Century Debate on Feudalism, In Great Britain and Russia in the Eighteenth Century: Contacts and Comparisons. Ed. Anthony Cross. Newtonville, Mass.: Oriental Research Partners, 1979. P. 2–24.
202
Richardson. P. 193.
203
Ibid. P. 193–196, 222.
204
Ibid. P. 39, 417.
205
Ibid. P. 233.
206
Ibid. P. 197.
207
Ibid. P. 199.
208
Ibid. P. 239.
209
Ibid. P. 240–241.
210
Ibid. P. 242–243.
211
Ibid. P. 241.
212
Ibid. P. 244–249.
213
Ibid. P. 253–254, 453; and Davis David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1966. Chapter XIII.
214
Coxe. Travels in Poland and Russia. III. P. 135.
215
Ibid., III. P. 135.
216
Ibid., III. P. 134–135, 152–153.
217
Ibid., III. P. 158.
218
Ibid., III. P. 156.
219
Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, 1968. P. 44; ñì. òàêæå: Gossman, Lionel. Voltaire’s Charles XII: History into art // Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Ed. Theodore Besterman. Vol. XXV. Geneva: Institut et Mus'ee Voltaire, 1963. P. 691–720; Brumfitt J.H. Voltaire: Historian. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1958. P. 5–25; Diaz Furio. Voltaire Storico, Turin: Giulio Einaudi, 1958. P. 77–109.
220
Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII. P. 49.
221
Ibib. P. 53, 68–72.
222
Ibib. P. 118, 123–124.
223
Ibib. P. 126; Foucault Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. New York: Vintage Books, 1973. P. 144.
224
Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII. P. 129–130.
225
Ibib. P. 125.
226
Ibib. P. 157–158.
227
Ibib. P. 115.
228
Ibib. P. 202–203; Salaberry d’Irumberry Charles-Marie, marquis de. Voyage `a Constantinople, en Italie, et aux oles de l’Archipel, par l’Allemagne et la Hongrie. Paris: Imprimerie de Crapelet, 1799. P. 146.
229
Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII. P. 60, 97, 124, 130; Foucault Michel. Discipline and Punish The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books, 1979. P. 215.
230
Linnaeus Carolus. Systema Naturae, 1735; Facsimile of the First Edition. Eds. M.S.J. Engel-Ledeboer, H. Engel. Niewkoop: B. De Gaaf, 1964. P. 19.
231
Lessing Gotthold Ephraim. Zeitungsartikel und Rezensionen: Berlinische prvilegirte Zeitung, 1751 //Werke. Vol. VIII. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1970. P. 159–160.
232
Lessing Gotthold Ephraim. Der Horoskop //Werke. Vol. VIII. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1970. P. 196–204.
233
Herder Johan Gottfried. Journal meiner Reise im Jahr 1769. Ed. Katharina Mommsen. Stuttgart: Philip Reclam, 1976. P. 78.
234
Voltaire. Le Russe `a Paris // Oeuvres compl`etes de Voltaire. Vol. 10. Paris, 1978; rpt. Leichtenstein: Kraus Reprints Limited, 1967. P. 119–131.
235
Marat Jean-Paul. Polish Letters. Boston, 1905; rpt. New York: Bejamin Blom, 1971. I. P. 200.
236
Ibid., I. P. 101–122, 123, 147, 167.
237
Ibid., I. P. 168, 172, 180, 211.
238
Ibid., P. 1–3.
239
Miss Porter Jane. Thaddeus of Warsaw: A Tale Founded on Polish Heroism. New York: A.L. Burt, n.d. P.ix; Balzac Honor'e de. Cousin Bette. Trans. Marion Ayton Crawford. London: Penguin, 1965. P. 73; Eliot George. Middlemarch. Ed. W.J. Harvey. London: Penguin, 1965; Alcott Louisa May. My Boys // Aunt Jo’s Scrapbag. Ed. Helen Martin. Boston: Little, Brown, 1929. P. 326.
240
Marat Jean-Paul. Polish Letters. I. P. 106, 114, 181; II. P. 65, 136–137, 199.
241
Ibid., II. P. 211–212.
242
Rousseau Jean-Jacques. The Social Contract. Trans. Maurice Cranston. London: Penguin, 1968. P. 49; Marat Jean-Paul. Polish Letters. II. P. 213.
243
Raspe Rudolf Eric. The Travels and Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen. London; Daedalus, 1988. P. 9; Raspe, Rudolf Eric // Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Univ. Press. Vol. XVI. P. 744–746; Adams, Percy g. Travelers and Travel Liars, 1660–1800. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1962. P. 216–217.
244
Raspe. P. 10–12.
245
Ibid. P. 13, 17.
246
Ibid. P. 23–24.
247
Ibid. P. 23.
248
Ibid. P. 75; Sade Marquis de. Juliette. Trans Austryn wainhouse. New York: Grove Press, 1968. P. 875.
249
Raspe. P. 29.
250
Richardson William. Anecdotes of the Russian Empire; In a Series of Letters Written, a Few Years Ago, from St. Petersburg. London, 1784; rpt. London: Frank Cass, 1968. P. 177.
251
Coxe William. Travels in Poland and Russia // Travels in Poland, Russia. Sweden, and Denmark. 5th ed. London: 1802; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970. II. P. 244–245; Raspe. P. 32–37.
252
Raspe. P. 28.
253
Ibid. P. 191–192.
254
Ibid. P. 240–248.
255
Ibid. P. 253.
256
Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus. Briefe. Ed. Hosrt Wandrey. Z"urich: Diogenes, 1982. P. 370–371.
257
Nettl Paul. Mozart in B"ohmen, neubearbeitete und erweiterte Ausgabe von Rudolf Freiherm von Prochazkas Mozart in Prag. Prague: Verlag Neumann, 1938. P. 96–97.
258
Grimm Friedrich Melchior von. The Little Prophet of Boehischbroda // Source Readings in Music History: The Classic Era. Ed. Oliver Strunk. New York: Norton, 1965. P. 60–61.
259
Piozi Hester Lynch. Observations and Reflections: Made in the Course of Journey Through France, Italy, and Germany. Ed. Herbert Barrows. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1967. P. 383.
260
Nettl. P. 57–65
261
M"orike Eduard. Mozart on the Way to Prague. Trans. Walter Aphilips, Catherine Alison Philips // German Novellas of Realism. I. Ed. Jeffrey L. Sammons. New York: Continuum, 1989. P. 255; Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus. Mozarts Briefe. Ed. Wilhelm A. Bauer, Otto Erich Deutsch. Frankfurt: Fischer Bbcherei, 1960. P. 149.
262
Casanova Giacomo. Casanva’s Isocameron. Trans. Rachel Zurer. New York: Jenna Press, 1986. P. 20–22.
263
Nettl. P. 158.
264
De Ponte Lorenzo. Memorie // Memorie, I libretti mozartiani: Le Nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosm fan tutte. Milan: Garzanti, 1981. P. 129.
265
Madariaga Isabel de. Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great. New Haven, Conn.; Yale Univ. Press, 1981. P. 534; Steptow Andrew. The Mozart-Da Ponte Operas: The Cultural and Musical Background to Le Noze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Cosm fa tutte. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. P. 39.
266
Nettl. P. 79–80.
267
Ibid. P. 193.
268
Ibid. P. 201–202.
269
Ibid. P. 216–221.
270
De Ponte. Memorie. P. 168–169.
271
Ibid. P. 141–142.
272
Nettl. P. 207–208.
273
Ibid. P. 238.
274
Fabre Jean. Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski et l’Europe des Lumi`eres: Etude de Cosmopolitisme. Paris: Edition Ophrys, 1952. P. 462.
275
De Ponte Lorenzo. Cos`i fan tutte // Memorie, I libretti mozartiani: Le Nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cos`i fan tutte. Milan: Garzanti, 1981. P. 1622.
276
Ibid. P. 680.
277
Ibid. P. 685.
278
Pezzl Johan. Sketch of Vienna // H.C. Robbins Laddon. Mozart and Vienna. New York: Schrirmer, 1991. P. 65–66.
279
Hauterive Alexandre-Maurice Blanc de Lanautte, comte d’ Journal in'edit d’un voiage: de Constantinople `a Jassi, capitale de la Moldavie dans l’hiver de 1785 // M'emoire sut l’'etat ancien et actuel de la Moldavie: Pr'esent'e S.A.S le prince Alexandre Ypsilanti, Hospodar r'egnant, en 1787, par le comte d’Hauterive. Bucharest: L’Institut d’arts graphiques Carol Gobi, 1902. P. 286; ñì. òàêæå: Hauterive // La Grande Encyclop'edie. Paris: Librairie Larousse, 1886–1902. Vol. 19. P. 935–936.
280
Hauterive. P. 301, 305.
281
Ibid. P. 295.
282
Ibid. P. 299.
283
Ibid. P. 293, 304.
284
Ibid. P. 302–304.
285
Ibid. P. 305.
286
Ibid. P. 306–307.
287
Ibid. P. 307–308.
288
Ibid. P. 309–310.
289
Ibid. P. 310–311.
290
Ibid. P. 312.
291
Ibid. P. 311–313.
292
Ibid. P. 315.
293
Ibid. P. 317.
294
Ibid. P. 318.
295
Ibid. P. 323.
296
Ibid. P. 327.
297
Craven Elizabeth. A Journey Through the Crimea to Constantinople: In a series of Letters from the Right Honorable Elizabeth Lady Crave, to His Serene Highness the Margrave of Brandenbourg, Anspach, and Bareith, Written in the Year MDCCLXXXVI. Dublin, 1789; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970. P. 361–362; ñì. òàêæå: Anspach, Elizabeth. // Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford univ. Press). Vol. I. P. 508–509.
298
Craven. P. 372, 377, 380.
299
Ibid. P. 392–396.
300
Ibid. P. 401–409.
301
Ibid. P. 5
302
Ibid. P. 146, 153, 156–157, 161–162.
303
Ibid. P. 171–172.
304
Ibid. P. 167–171.
305
Ibid. P. 168, 174–175.
306
Goethe Johan Wolfgang von. Italian Journey: 1786–1788. Trans. W.H. Auden, Elizabeth Mayer. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1982. P. 115–116.
307
Goethe Johan Wolfgang von. Iphigenia in Tauris. Trans. Charles E. Passage. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1963. P. 21–22.
308
Craven. P. 184, 191.
309
Ibid. P. 194, 200, 205, 214–217.
310
Ibid. P. 225.
311
Ibid. P. 233–234.
312
Ibid. P. 234.
313
Ibid. P. 247.
314
Ibid. P. 248–249.
315
Ibid. P. 249.
316
S'egur Louis-Philippe, comte de. M'emoirse, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de S'egur. Vol. II // Biblioth`eque des m'emoires: relatif `a l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e si`ecle. Vol. XX. Ed. M. Fs. Barri`ere. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Fr`eres, 1859. P. 87.
317
S'egur Louis-Philippe, comte de. M'emoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de S'egur. Vol. I // Biblioth`eque des m'emoires: relatif `a l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e si`ecle. Vol. XIX. Ed. M. Fs. Barri`ere. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Fr`eres, 1859. P. 428–429.
318
Ibid., I. P. 425.
319
Ibid., II. P. 43, 41.
320
Ibid., I. P. 429.
321
Ibid. P. 429–430, 434.
322
Ibid. P. 436.
323
Ibid. P. 436–437.
324
Ibid. P. 438–439.
325
Ibid., II. P. 1–2.
326
Ibid. P. 4.
327
Ibid. P. 6.
328
Ibid., I. P. 422–423; II. P. 14.
329
Ibid., II. P. 13, 30.
330
Ligne Charles-Joseph, prince de. Correspondance et pens'ees du Porince de Ligne // Biblioth`eque des m'emoires: relatif `a l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e si`ecle. Vol. XX. Ed. M. Fs. Barri`ere. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Fr`eres, 1859. P. 9–10
331
S'egur, II. P. 21.
332
Ibid. P. 30–36.
333
Ibid. P. 32, 41–43; Ligne. P. 69.
334
S'egur, II. P. 44.
335
Ibid., I. P. 423; Ligne. P. 70–71.
336
S'egur, II. P. 51, 55; Ligne. P. 75.
337
S'egur, II. P. 47.
338
Ibid. P. 54.
339
Ibid. P. 57–58; Goethe. Italian Journey. P. 318.
340
Ligne. P. 71; Goethe. Italian Journey. P. 318.
341
S'egur, I. P. 374.
342
Ibid., II. P. 60; Ligne. P. 88.
343
S'egur, P. 63–65.
344
Ibid. P. 64.
345
Ligne. P. 73–74.
346
Ibid. P. 92.
347
S'egur, II. P. 76–70; Alexander John T. Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989. P. 260.
348
Ligne. Ð. 77–81; Goethe. Italian Journey. P. 26, 116, 124.
349
Ligne. P. 28.
350
Ibid. P. 82–85.
351
S'egur, II. P. 72.
352
Ibid. P. 72–74.
353
Ligne. P. 89.
354
S'egur, II. P. 85.
355
Ibid. P. 96–97.
356
Ibid. P. 97.
357
Ligne. P. 86.
358
S'egur, II. P. 88.
359
Ibid. P. 90.
360
Ibid. P. 87–89.
361
Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII (Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, 1968). P. 13; Harley J.B. Maps, Knowledge, and Power. The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representationn, Design and Use of Past Environments, ed. Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). P. 277–312.
362
Sanson Nicolas. Nouvelle introduction `a la Geographie pour l’usage de Monseigneur le Dauphin: Par laquelle on apprendre en peu de temps et avec facilit'e la Geographie, et la Division de toutes les parties du Monde: les Empires, les Monarchies, Royaumes et Etats qui le composent separament. Paris: Chez Hubert Jaillot, 1696. P. 25.
363
Bagrow Leo. History of Cartography. 2nd ed. Ed. R.A. Scelton. Trans. D.L. Paisey. Chicago: Precedent Publishing, 1985. P. 174–175; ñì. òàêæå: Bagrow Leo. A History of Cartography of Russia up to 1600. Ed. Henry W.Castner. Ontario: Walker Press, 1957; Bagrow Leo. A History of Russian Cartography up to 1800. Ed. Henry W. Castner. Ontario: Walker Press, 1975.
364
Vaugondy Robert de. Atlas Universel. Vol. I. Paris, 1757. P. 22.
365
Mohrenschildt Dmitri von. Russia in the Intellectual Life of Eighteenth-Century France. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1936. P. 212.
366
Coxe William. Travels in Poland and Russia // Travels in Poland, Russia. Sweden, and Denmark. 5th ed. London: 1802; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970. III. P. 210–211.
367
Anderson M.S. Britain’s Discovery of Russia 1553–1815. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985. P. 80.
368
Fabre Jean. Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski et l’Europe des Lumi`eres: Etude de Cosmopolitisme. Paris: Edition Ophrys, 1952. P. 380, 486, 669, note 62.
369
Fabre. P. 381.
370
Marshall Joseph. Travels Through Germany, Russia, and Poland in the Years 1769 and 1770. London, 1772; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1971. P. 179–180.
371
Ibid. P. 179, 183.
372
Craven Elizabeth. A Journey Through the Crimea to Constantinople: In a series of Letters from the Right Honorable Elizabeth Lady Crave, to His Serene Highness the Margrave of Brandenbourg, Anspach, and Bareith, Written in the Year MDCCLXXXVI. Dublin, 1789; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970.
373
Robert. Atlas Universel. P. 30.
374
Ibid. P. 21, 30.
375
Ibid. P. 30; ñì. òàêæå: Dainville Francois de. S.J., Le Langage de G'eographes: Termes, Signes, Colers des Cartes Anciennes 1500–1800. Paris: Editions A. et J. Picard, 1964.
376
Robert. Atlas Universel. P. 23.
377
Zamoyski Adam. The Polish Way: A thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Cultur. New York: Franklin Watts, 1988, figure 112; Marshall. P. 184.
378
Davies Norman. God’s Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. I New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1984. P. 542.
379
Wandycz Piotr. The United States and Poland. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1980. P. 49.
380
Sanson. P. 3–7.
381
Parker W.H. Europe: How Far? // The Geographical Journal 126, Part 3 (Sept. 1960): 285.
382
Mansuy Abel. Le Monde Slave et les Classiques Francais aux XVIe — XVIIe si`ecles, pr'eface de Charles Diehl. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honor'e Champion, 1912. P. 10–11; Parker. P. 128.
383
Mansuy. P. 16.
384
Samuel Fiszman. The Significance of the Polish Renaissance and Barogue for Eastern Slavic Nations. In The Polish Renaissance in its European Context, ed. Samuel Fiszman. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1988. P. 238–242.
385
Bassin Mark. Russia Between Europe and Asia: The Ideological Construction of Geographical Space // Slavic Review 50, no. 1 (Spring 1991); 5–7.
386
Strahlenberg Philipp Johann von. An Historico-Geographical Description of the North and Eastern Parts of Europe and Asia; But more particularly of Russia, Siberia, and Great Tartary; Both in their Ancient and Modern State: Together with an Entire New Polyglot-Table of the Dialects of 32 Tartarian Nations; As Also, a Large and Accurate Map of those Countries; and variety of Cuts, representing Asiatick-Scythian Antiquities. Written Originally in High German by Mr. Philip John von Strahlenberg, a Swedish Officer, Thirteen Years Captive in Those Parts. London: J. Brotherton, J. Hazard, W. Medows, T. Cox, T. Astley, S. Austen, L. Gulliver, and C. Corbet, 1738. P. 16–17.
387
Parker. P. 287.
388
Homann. Europa. N"urnberg, 1820 (êîëëåêöèÿ êàðò Ãàðâàðäñêîãî óíèâåñèòðåòà); Desnos. L’Europe divis'ee selon l’'etendue de ses principales parties. Paris, 1772 (Ãàðâàðä).
389
Delisle. L’Europe. Paris, 1700 (Ãàðâàðä); Haas. Europa. N"urnberg, 1743; rpt. 1777 (Ãàðâàðä).
390
Robert. Atlas Universel. P. 21.
391
Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous le Pierre le Grand // Oeuvres compl`etes de Voltaire. Vol. 16 (Paris, 1787; rpt. Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint Limited, 1976). P. 408.
392
Antalffy Gyula. A Thousand Years of Travel in Old Hungary. Trans. Elizabeth Hoch (Hungary: Kner, 1980). P. 117–118.
393
K"opeszi B'ela. La France et la Hongrie au d'ebut du XVIII si`ecle: Etude d’histoire des relations diplomatiques et d’histoire des id'ees. Budapest: Akad'emi Kiad'o, 1917. P. 537–538; Antalffy. P. 172.
394
Anderson. P. 62.
395
Strahlenberg. P. 5–6.
396
Anderson. P. 85; Mohrenschildt. P. 187; Cox Edward Godfrey. A Reference Guide to the Literature of Travel. Vol. I. (Univ. of Washington Publications in Latin and Literature. Volume 9, November 1935; rpt. New tork: Greenwood Press, 1969). P. 194.
397
Lortholary Albert. Le Mirage russe en France au XVIII si`ecle. Paris: Boivin, 1951. P. 61.
398
K"opeszi. P. 376, 528.
399
Ibid. P. 381, 585–586.
400
Ibid. P. 458.
401
Ibid. P. 455, 464, 470, 473, 481, 485–486.
402
Ibid. P. 346–349, 546.
403
Ibid. P. 386, 488.
404
Ibid. P. 593.
405
Moll. A New Map of Germany, Hungary, Transylvania, and the Suisse, 1712 (Ãàðâàðä); Zrner. Europa, 1712 (Ãàðâàðä); Delisle. Carte d’Europe. Paris, 1724 (Ãàðâàðä); De Witt. Acuratissima Europae. Amsterdam, 1730 (Ãàðâàðä).
406
Homann. Europa. N"urnberg, 1720 (Ãàðâàðä); Homann. Europa. N"urnberg, 1730 (Ãàðâàðä); Haas. Europa. N"urnberg, 1743; rpt. 1777 (Ãàðâàðä).
407
Guedeville Nicolas. Dissertation sur la Hongrie et sur la Boheme // Atlas Historique ou Nouvelle Introduction `a l’Histoire, `a la Chronologie, et `a la Geographie Ancienne et Moderne. Vol. II. Henri Abraham Ch^atelin. Amsterdam: Chez l’Honor'e`a Ch^atelain, 1720.
408
Carte Ancienne et Moderne: Des Diff'erents Etats et Pays au long du Danube // Atlas Historique (1720).
409
Carte Genealogique des Rois de Hongrie et de Boheme; et l’Abr'eg'e du Gouvernement de ces deux Royaumes // Atlas Historique (1720).
410
Gueudeville. Atlas Historique (1720).
411
Carte du Royaume de Boheme // Atlas Historique (1720).
412
Nouvelle Carte de la Hongrie // Atlas Historique (1720).
413
K"opeszi. P. 522–524.
414
Gueudeville. Atlas Historique (1720). P. 68–71.
415
Roider Karl A. Austria’s Eastern Question 1700–1790. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1982. P. 44.
416
Ibid. P. 52.
417
Ibid. P. 57.
418
Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII. P. 89–90; Besterman Theodore. Voltaire, 3rd ed. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1976. P. 640.
419
Fabre Jean. Stanislas Leszczynsky et le mouvement philosophique en France au XVIII si`ecle // Pierre Francastel (ed.) Utopie et Institutions au XVIII si`ecle: Le Pragmatism des Lumi`eres. (Paris and the Hague: Mouton: 1963). P. 25–41; ñì. òàêæå: Rostworowski Emmanuel. Stanislaw Leszczynski et les Lumires `a la Polonaise // Pierre Francastel (ed.) Utopie et Institutions au XVIII si`ecle: Le Pragmatism des Lumi`eres. Paris and the Hague: Mouton: 1963. P. 15–24.
420
Jaucourt Louis de. Pologne // Encyclop'edie: ou dictionnaire raisonn'e des sciences, des arts et des m'etiers, nouvelle impression en facsimil'e de la premi`ere 'edition de 1751–1780. Stuttgart: Friedrich Frommann Verlag, 1967. Vol. XII. P. 931.
421
Robert. Atlas Universel. P. 35.
422
Vaugondy Robert de. A New and Accurate Map of Europe. London, 1770 (Ãàðâàðä).
423
Roider. P. 72–73, 80.
424
Anderson. P. 83; Robert. Atlas Universel. P. 30.
425
Voltaire. Histoire de la guerre de 1741. Paris: Editions Garnier Frres, 1971. P. 33.
426
Ibid. P. 33–34.
427
Lavicka Jan. Voltaire et la Boh^eme. Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Vol. 219. Oxford: Voltaire Foundaition, 1983. P. 109.
428
K"opeszi. P. 553.
429
Anderson. P. 139–140; Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous le Pierre le Grand. P. 405.
430
Gusdord Georges. Les Principes de la pens'ee au si`ecle des lumi`eres. Paris: Payot, 1971. P. 128.
431
L’Histoire de mon temps // Oeuvres posthumes de Fr'ederic II, roi de Prusse. Vol. I. Berlin: Chez Voss, 1788. P. 69.
432
Goldsmith Oliver. The Citizen of the World. (London: J.M. Dent, 1934). Chapter LXXXVII. P. 240–241.
433
James Porter, Turkey; Its History and Progress: From the Journals and Correspondence of Sir James Porter. Vol. I. London: Hurts and Blackett, 1854. P. 8.
434
Letter from Lady Porter to her sister, Mdlle de Hochepied, at Pera, containing an account of Sir James Porter’s journey from Constantinople to London, with two children, Greek nurse and servant, and accompanied by several gentlemen; among others, the learned Jesuit, Father Boscowitz, who has published a detail of this journey // Porter James. Turkey; Its History and Progress: From the Journals and Correspondence of Sir James Porter. Vol. I. London: Hurts and Blackett, 1854. P. 379.
435
Letter from Lady Porter. P. 374.
436
Boscovich // Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Vol. XIII. Rome, 1971. P. 221–230.
437
Boscovich Ruggiero Guiseppe. Giornale di un Viaggio da Constantinopoli in Polonia dell’abbate Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich. Milan: Giordano Editore, 1966. P. 5.
438
Ibid. P. 86, 110.
439
Ibid. P. 3–4.
440
Ibid. P. 6.
441
Ibid. P. 8.
442
Rocque. Carte Generale des Postes de l’Europe, 1758 (Ãàðâàðä).
443
Ibid. P. 21–22.
444
Ibid. P. 31.
445
Ibid. P. 34.
446
Ibid. P. 35.
447
Ibid. P. 37–42, 50.
448
Ibid. P. 59–62.
449
Ibid. P. 62
450
Ibid. P. 69–71.
451
Ibid. P. 74, 79, 87, 102.
452
Ibid. P. 72–75, 89–90.
453
Ibid. P. 90–92, 106–107.
454
Ibid. P. 125–126.
455
Ibid. P. 122, 127–128.
456
Ibid. P. 65.
457
Letter from Lady Porter. P. 377.
458
Ibid. P. 390.
459
Boscovich. P. 9.
460
Haas. Europa. N"urnberg, 1743; rpt. 1777 (Ãàðâàðä); Le Voyage d’un Danois, 1744 (Ãàðâàðä).
461
Boscovich. P. xx, 190–191.
462
Darnton Robert. The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclop'edie 1775–1800. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1979. P. 8.
463
Bulgarie // Encyclop'edie. Vol. II. P. 462.
464
Boheme // Encyclop'edie: ou dictionnaire raisonn'e des sciences, des arts et des m'etiers, nouvelle impression en facsimil'e de la premi`ere 'edition de 1751–1780. Stuttgart: Friedrich Frommann Verlag, 1967. Vol. II. P. 294.
465
Lough John. Louis, Chevalier de Jacourt (1704–1780): A Biographical Sketch // The Encyclop'edie in Eighteenth-Century England and Other Studies. Newcastle upon Tyne: Oriel Press, 1970. P. 25, 49–51.
466
Jacourt Louis de. Hongrie // Encyclop'edie. Vol. VIII. 284.
467
Ibid. P. 284–285.
468
Ibid. P. 285.
469
Ibid.
470
Ibid., Ð. 285–286.
471
Ibid. P. 286.
472
Jacourt Louis de. Pologne // Encyclop'edie. Vol. XII. P. 925.
473
Ibid. P. 928–933.
474
Ibid. P. 925, 929, 934.
475
Ibid. P. 930–931.
476
Ibid. P. 931.
477
Coxe. Travels in Poland and Russia. Vol. III. P. 369–376.
478
Jacourt. Pologne // Encyclop'edie. Vol. XII. P. 931–934.
479
Jacourt Louis de. Russie // Encyclop'edie. Vol. XIV. P. 442; Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous le Pierre le Grand. P. 403.
480
Jacourt Louis de. Russie // Encyclop'edie. Vol. XIV. P. 443; Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous le Pierre le Grand. P. 419–421.
481
Jacourt Louis de. Russie // Encyclop'edie. Vol. XIV. P. 445.
482
Jacourt Louis de. Tartares // Encyclop'edie. Vol. XV. P. 926; ñì. òàêæå: Fisher Alan W. The Crimean Tatars (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1978).
483
Sanson. P. 3–5.
484
Delisle. L’europe. Paris, 1700 (Ãàðâàðä); Z"urner. Europa, 1712 (Ãàðâàðä).
485
Jacourt Louis de. Tartares // Encyclop'edie. Vol. XV. P. 920.
486
Ibid. P. 921.
487
Vaugondy Robert de. Nouvel Atlas Portatif. Paris: Chez Robert, 1762, êàðòû III, IV.
488
Jacourt Louis de. Tartares // Encyclop'edie. Vol. XV. P. 921–923.
489
Ibid. P. 924–926.
490
Jacourt Louis de. Europe // Encyclop'edie. Vol. VI. P. 211–212.
491
Vaugondy Robert de. G'eographie // Encyclop'edie. Vol. VII. P. 611–612.
492
Voltaire and Catherine. Correspondence // Documents of Catherine the Great: The Correspondence with Voltaire and the Instruction of 1767. Ed. W.F. Reddaway. New York: Russel `a Russel, 1871. P. 58, 77.
493
Rocque. Carte Generale des Postes de’lEurope, 1758.
494
Voltaire and Catherine. P. 79, 124.
495
Ibid. P. 133.
496
Ibid. P. 181.
497
Ibid. P. 186.
498
Ibid. P. 1.
499
Ibid. P. 2; ñì. òàêæå: Griffiths David. To Live Forever: Catherine II, Voltaire, and the Pursuit of Immortality // Russia and the World of the Eighteenth Century. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers, 1988. P. 446–468; Madariaga Isabel de. Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great. New Haven, Conn.; Yale Univ. Press, 1981. P. 372–342; Alexander John T. Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989. P. 97–142.
500
Wildberger Carolyn. Voltaire’s Russia; Window on the East // Studies on Vlataire and the Eighteenth Century. Vol. CLXIV. Ed. Theodore Besterman. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation at the Taylor Institution, 1976. P. 54, 141.
501
Rousseau Jean-Jacques. The Social Contract. Trans. Maurice Cranston. London: Penguin, 1968. P. 90.
502
Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand // Oeuvres compl`etes de Voltaire. Vol. 16. Paris, 1878; rpt. Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint Limited, 1967. P. 377, 427.
503
Voltaire and Catherine. P. 3
504
Besterman Theodore. Voltaire. 3rd ed. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1976. P. 406.
505
Voltaire and Catherine. P. 3–6.
506
Ibid. P. 48, 51.
507
Ibid. P. 6–7.
508
Lortholary, Albert. Le Mirage russe en France au XVIIIe si`ecle. Paris: Boivin, 1951.
509
Lortholary. P. 74–76; Mohrenschildt Dmitri von. Russia in the Intellectual Life of Eighteenth-Century France. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1936. P. 275–280.
510
Wildberger. P. 27.
511
Mohrenschildt. P. 32; Saint-Simon Louis de Rouvroy, duc de. Memoirs of Louis XIV and his Court and of the Regency. Vol. III. New York: Collier, 1910. P. 1011
512
Lortholary. P. 23–25.
513
Wildberger. P. 76.
514
Voltaire. Histori'e de Charles XII. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, 1968. P. 51.
515
Montesquieu Charles Secondat, baron de. The Spirit of the Laws. Trans. Thomas Nugent. New York: Hafner, 1949. I. P. 299.
516
Montesquieu. I. P. 299.
517
Lortholary. P. 33. K"opeszi B'ela. La France et la Hongrie au d'ebut du XVIIIe si`ecle: Etudes d’histori'e des relations diplomatiques et d’histoorie des id'ees. Budapest: Akad'emi Kiad'o, 1971. P. 603–604.
518
Wildberger. P. 32.
519
Voltaire. Anecdotes sur le czar Pierre le Grand // Oeuvres compl`etes de Voltaire. Vol. 23. Paris, 1787; rpt. Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1967. P. 281–293.
520
Wildberger. Ð. 33, 49.
521
Lortholary. Ð. 48.
522
Wildberger. Ð. 41.
523
Ibid. P. 43.
524
Ibid. P. 124–127; Gay Peter. The Enlightenment: An Interpretation: The Science of Freedom. New York: W.W. Norton, 1977. P. 67.
525
Wildberger. P. 52–53.
526
Ibid. P. 37–38, 54–61.
527
Ibid. P. 119–120; Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand. P. 586.
528
Wildberger. P. 120–122; Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand. P. 589.
529
Wildberger. P. 46.
530
Ibid. P. 45–47.
531
Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand. P. 408, 415, 427.
532
Ibid. P. 506–509.
533
Wildberger. P. 278–279.
534
Voltaire. Le Russe `a Paris // Oeuvres compl`etes de Voltaire. Vol. 10. Paris, 1978; rpt. Leichtenstein: Kraus Reprints Limited, 1967. P. 121.
535
Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand. P. 456, 468.
536
Voltaire and Catherine. P. 9–10, 15.
537
Ibid. P. 15–18.
538
Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand. P. 408.
539
Voltaire and Catherine. P. 17–19; Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand. P. 377.
540
Gay Peter. Voltaire’s Politics: The Poet as Realist. 2nd ed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 1988. P. 180.
541
Voltaire and Catherine. P. 20.
542
Ibid. P. 23.
543
Ibid. P. 25–27.
544
Ibid. P. 28–29.
545
Ibid. P. 33–34.
546
Ibid. P. 34.
547
Ibid. P. 35.
548
Ibid. P. 38, 48.
549
Ibid. P. 60.
550
Ibid. P. 73, 81–83, 90, 97.
551
Ibid. P. 93, 100–101.
552
Ibid. P. 117, 123–126.
553
Ibid. P. 148–150.
554
Ibid. P. 162.
555
Ibid. P. 172.
556
Ibid. P. 186–187.
557
Roider Karl A. Austria’s Eastern question 1700–1790. Princeton, N.J.; Princeton Univ. Press, 1982. P. 132, 156–157.
558
Voltaire. Essay sur les moeurs // Oeuvres compl`etes de Voltaire. Vol. III. Paris: Chez Furne, 1985. P. 607–609.
559
Voltaire and Catherine. P. 84, 187.
560
Ibid. P. 118–119.
561
Ibid. P. 138, 149.
562
Ibid. P. 154–161.
563
Ibid. P. 161–163.
564
Ibid. P. 171.
565
Ibid. P. 169, 176, 186.
566
Lortholary. Ð. 174–176.
567
Casanova Giacomo. History of My Life. Trans. Williard Trask. Vol. 10. London: Longman, 1971. P. 103–141, 142.
568
Raspe Rudolf Eric. The Travels and Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen. London; Daedalus, 1988. P. 75.
569
Mohrenschildt. P. 145; Lortholary. P. 90–91; Alexander. P. 14.
570
Lortholary. P. 97–98.
571
Mohrenschildt. P. 94.
572
Lortholary. P. 179–181.
573
Voltaire and Catherine. P. 203; Lortholary. P. 184–186; S'egur Louis-Philippe comte de. M'emoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de S'egur. Vol. I // Biblioth`eque des m'emoires: relatif `a l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e si`ecle, vol. XIX, ed. M.Fs.Barri`ere (Paris: Librarie de Firmin Didot Fr`eres, 1859). P. 442–443.
574
Lortholary. P. 212–213.
575
Voltaire and Catherine. P. 192; Tourneux Maurice. Diderot et Catherine II. Paris: Calmann L'evy, 1899. P. 75–76.
576
Tourneux. P. 83.
577
Diderot Denis. Entretiens avec Catherine II (1773) // Oeuvres politiques. Ed. Paul Verni`ere. Paris: Editions Garnier Fr`eres, 1963. P. 257–258, 326.
578
Diderot. Entretiens. P. 206; ñì. òàêæå: Wilson Arthur. Diderot in Russia, 1773–1774 // The Eighteenth-Century in Russia. Ed. J.G. Garrard. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973. P. 166–197; Madariaga Isabel de. Catherine and the Philosophes // Russia and the West in the Eighteenth Century. Newtonville, Mass.; Oriental Research Partners, 1983. P. 30–52.
579
Diderot. Entretiens. P. 30–52.
580
Mohrenschildt. P.
581
Diderot. Entretiens. P. 266–267; Tourneux. P. 492.
582
Mohrenschildt. P. 55.
583
Diderot. Entretiens. P. 301.
584
Ibid. P. 302.
585
Ibid. P. 309–310.
586
Lortholary. P. 217–218.
587
Diderot. Entretiens. P. 326.
588
Tourneux. P. 472.
589
Ibid. P. 475–476.
590
Ibid. P. 477, 481–482.
591
Ibid. P. 482.
592
Ibid. P. 485–489.
593
Ibid. P. 492.
594
Lortholary. P. 236, 379, note 146.
595
S'egur. I. P. 444–445.
596
Diderot Denis. Obzervations sur le Nakaz (1774) // Oeuvres politiques. Ed. Paul Verni`ere. Paris: Editions Garnier Fr`eres, 1963. P. 343–345.
597
Diderot. Obzervations. P. 349.
598
Ibid. P. 350–351.
599
Ibid. P. 351.
600
Voltaire and Catherine. P. 190.
601
Ibid. P. 194.
602
Ibid. P. 195.
603
Ibid. P. 196.
604
Ibid. P. 198–201.
605
Ibid. P. 206, 213.
606
Richardson William. Anecdotes of the Russian Empire; In a Series of Letters Written, a Few Years Ago, from St. Petersburg. London, 1784; rpt. London: Frank Cass, 1968. P. 401–403; Alexander John T. Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989. P. 98.
607
Rousseau Jean-Jacques. Considerations sure le gouvernement de Pologne // Discours sur l’'economie politique, Projet de constitution pour la Corse, Consid'erations sure le gouvernement de Pologne. Ed. Barabara de Negroni. Paris: Flammarion, 1990. P. 163.
608
Rousseau. P. 163.
609
Ibid.
610
Ibid. P. 164–165.
611
Ibid. P. 165–166, 211.
612
Ibid. P. 170–171.
613
Ibid. P. 171.
614
Ibid. P. 173.
615
Ibid.
616
Ibid. P. 177.
617
Ibid. P. 178; ñì. òàêæå: Michalski, Jerzy. Rousseau i sarmacki respublicanism. Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukove, 1977.
618
Starobinski Jean. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Transparency and Obstruction. Trans. Arthur Gldhaimer. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1988. P. 145.
619
Rousseau. P. 261.
620
Marin Marietta. Une Francaise `a Varsovie en 1766: Madame Geoffrin chez le roi de Pologne Stanislas-Auguste. Paris: Biblioth`eque Polonaise, 1936. P. 27, 42; S'egur Pierre marquis de. Le Royaume de la rue saint-Honor: Madame Geoffrin et sa fille. Paris: Calmann-L'e'evy, 1987. P. 288.
621
Marie Th'er`ese Rodet, Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski. Correspondance in'edite do roi Stanislas Auguste Poniatowski et de Madame Geoffrin (1764–1777). Ed. Charles de Mouy. Paris: E. Plon. 1875; Martin. P. 78.
622
Gooch G.P. Four French Salons // Catherine the Great and Other Studies. 1954; rpt Hamden, Conn.; Archon Books, 1966. P. 117.
623
Martin. Ð. 12.
624
Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 102–103.
625
Ibid. P. 103.
626
Ibid. P. 108.
627
Ibid. P. 114–115.
628
Martin. P. 27.
629
Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 115, 137, 140–142.
630
S'egur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 432; Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 131.
631
S'egur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 434–436.
632
Ibid. P. 437–438.
633
Ibid. P. 442–443.
634
Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 143.
635
Ibid. P. 147–148.
636
Ibid. P. 150; S'egur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 235.
637
Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 151–152.
638
Ibid. P. 153.
639
Ibid. P. 154–156.
640
Ibid. P. 158.
641
Fabre Jean. Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski et l’Europe des Lumi`eres: Etude de Cosmopolitisme. Paris: Edition Ophrys, 1952. P. 630–631, note 68; Lortholary Albert. Le Mirage russe en France au XVIIIe si`eicle. Paris: Boivin, 1951. P. 162–163.
642
Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 162–163, 167.
643
Ibid. P. 168.
644
Ibid. P. 112, 167.
645
Ibid. P. 174.
646
S'egur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 447.
647
Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 177–178.
648
Ibid. P. 180, 193.
649
Ibid. P. 205–207, 223–224; Martin. P. 33.
650
S'egur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 264–267, 281.
651
Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 233.
652
Ibid. P. 239–241.
653
S'egur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 272.
654
Ibid. P. 273.
655
Derrida Jacques. Of Grammotology. Trans. Gaytri Chakravorty Spivak. Baltimor: Johns Hopkins, 1976. P. 118–140.
656
Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 242–244.
657
Ibid. P. 349.
658
Martin. P. 35.
659
Poniatowski Stanislas-Auguste. M'emoires de roi Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski. Vol. St. Petersburg: l’Acad'emie Imp'eriale des Sciences, 1914. P. 567–568.
660
Martin. P. 53–54; Fabre. P. 305.
661
S'egur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 273–274.
662
Ibid. P. 230, 461.
663
Rousseau. P. 259.
664
Martin. P. 76.
665
Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 250.
666
Ibid. P. 276.
667
Ibid. P. 265–274, 294.
668
Ibid. P. 315–316.
669
Ibid. P. 321, 329.
670
Ibid. P. 355.
671
Ibid. P. 364.
672
Ibid. P. 365–366.
673
Ibid. P. 326–327, 336.
674
Ibid. P. 349, 379–380.
675
Ibid. P. 359, 382, 387, 432.
676
Ibid. P. 349, 379–380.
677
Ibid. P. 443.
678
Ibid. P. 451, 456.
679
Ibid. P. 464–466.
680
Ibid. P. 470–471, 475–477
681
Rousseau. P. 172.
682
Voltaire. Candide. Trans. John Butt. London: Penguin, 1974. Chapter 26; Dzwigala Wanda. Voltaire’s Sources on the Polish Dissident Question // Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Vol. 241. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1986. P. 191–192; Rostworowski Emanuel. R'epublicanisme ‘Sarmate’ et les Lumi`eres // Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Ed. Theodore Besterman. Vol. XXVI. Geneva: Institut et Mus'ee Voltaire, 1963. P. 1417; Fabre. P. 316; ñì. òàêæå: Kot Stanislaw. Rzeczpospolita Polska w literaturze politycznej Zachodu. Cracow: Nalladem Krakowskiej Sp'olki Wydawniczej, 1919; Woloszynski Ryszard W. La Pologne vue par l’Europe au XVIIIe si`ecle // Acta Polonica historica (1965). P. 22–42; Woloszynski Ryszard W. Polska w opiniach francuz'ow: Rulhi`ere i jego wslczesni. Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1964.
683
Voltaire. Essai historique et critique sur les dissensions des 'eglises de Pologne (1767) // Oeuvres de Voltaire: M'elanges historique. Vol. II. Paris: P. Pourrat Freres, 1968. P. 57–60; Fabre. P. 634, ïðèìå÷. 144.
684
Rostworowski Emanuel. Voltaire et la pologne // Studies on Voltaire and the Enighteenth Century, ed. Theodore Besterman. Vol. LXII. Geneva: Institut et Muse Voltaire, 1968. P. 114; Fabre. P. 323.
685
Voltaire. Discourse aux conf'ed'er'es catholiques de Kaminieck en Pologne, par le major Kaiserling, au service du roi de Prusse (1768) // Oeuvres de Voltaire: Politiques et L'egislation. Vol. II. Paris: P. Pourrat Freres, 1839. P. 154, 165–166.
686
Voltaire and Catherine // Correspondence, in Documents of Catherine the Great: The Correspondence with Voltaire and the Instruction of 1767. Ed. By W.F. Reddaway (1931; New York: Russell `a Rusel, 1971). P. 109; Dzwigala. P. 198.
687
Marat Jean-Paul. Les Aventures du jeune comte Potowski. Ed. Claire Nicolas-Leli`evre. Paris: Renaudot, 1989. P. 118, 130.
688
Tomaszewski Marek. L’Universe h'eroique polonaise dans Les Amours du chavalier de Faublas et son impact sur l’imaginaire social `a la fin due XVIIIe si`ecle // Revue de Litt'erature Compar'ee, no. 2 (April — June 1990): 430–431.
689
Voltaire. Les Lois de Minos, in Oeuvres compl`etes de Voltaire. Vol. 5, Th'eatre. Paris: Perronneau, 1817. P. 296.
690
Fabre. P. 249.
691
Marat. Les Aventures. P. 256; Dzwigala. P. 201; M. Romain-Cornut. Koltaire: complice et conseiller du partage de la Pologne, 2nd ed. Paris: Jacques Lecoffre, 1846. P. 17–21.
692
Jobert Ambrois. Magnats polonaise et physiocrates francaise (1767–1774). Paris: Librarie Droz, 1941. P. 20.
693
Jobert. P. 51, 86; Wolff Larry. The Vatican and Poland in the Age of the Partitions: Diplomatic and Cultural Encounters at the Warsaw Nunciature. New York; Boulder: Columbia Univ. Press, East European Monographs, 1988. Chapter VII.
694
Jobert. P. 24–27.
695
Ibid. P. 27–32.
696
Ibid. P. 36–38; ñì. òàêæå: Opalek Kasimir. Les Physiocrates et leur role dans le renouveau culturel au si`ecle des Lumi`eres en Pologne // Pierre Francastel (ed.) Utopie et Institutions au XVIII si`ecle: Le Pragmatism des Lumi`eres. Paris and the Hague: Mouton: 1963. P. 169–184.
697
Jobert. P. 45–48; Rousseau. P. 220.
698
Jobert. P. 57; Wolff. Chapter V.
699
Jobert. P. 60–62.
700
Ibid. P. 64–66.
701
Ibid. P. 67–71.
702
Ibid. P. 72–73.
703
Ibid. P. 79–82.
704
Smith Adam. The Wealth of Nations. London: Penguin, 1982. P. 345–346.
705
Ibid. P. 308.
706
Rulh`ere Claude Carloman de. A History or Anecdotes of the Revolution in Russia in the Year 1762. London, 1797; rpt. New York: Arno Press; New York Times, 1970. P. 1.
707
Chevalier Alice. Claude-Carloman de Rulh`ere, premier historien de la Pologne: sa vie et son oeuvre historique. Paris: Les Editions Domat-Montchrestien, 1939. P. 105–114; S'egur. Le Royaume. P. 220–224.
708
Rulh`ere. A History or Anecdotes of the Revolution in Russia, P. viii— xi, 52; Chevalier. P. 74, 115–116.
709
Chevalier. P. 43–44.
710
Rulh`ere Claude Carloman de. Revolutions de Pologne. Vol. I. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Fr`eres, 1862. P. 1.
711
Rulh`ere. Revolutions de Pologne. Vol. I. P. 6–7.
712
Chevalier. P. 121–122.
713
Ibid. P. 152–154.
714
Ibid.
715
Ibid. P. 155.
716
Ibid. P. 160–162, 166, 175.
717
Ibid. P. 233, 330–333.
718
Casanova Giacomo. Istoria delle Turbulenze della Polonia. Naples: Guida Editori, 1974. P. 100, 447.
719
Casanova. P. 54; Chevalier. P. 250; Fabre. P. 7.
720
Chevalier. P. 244, 295.
721
Ibid. P. 168–169, 182–183.
722
Ibid. P. 372–380.
723
Fabre. P. 571, ïðèìå÷. 42.
724
Marquis de Sad. Aline et Valcour // Oeuvres. Vol. I. Paris: Gallimard, 1990. P. 852–853.
725
Fabre. P. 510; ñì. òàêæå: Rostworowski Emanuel. Ostatni Kr'ol Rzeczeposoplitej: geneza i upadek konstytucji 3 maja. Warsawa; Wiedza Powszechna, 1966.
726
Handelsman Marcel. La Constitution polonaise du 3 mai 1791 et l’opinion francaise // La Revolution Francaise. Vol. LVIII. Paris, 1910. P. 416, 425, 429, 433.
727
Fabre. P. 27, 575, ïðèìå÷. 28.
728
Anderson M.S. Britain’s Discovery of Russia 1533–1815. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1958. P. 165–169.
729
Lortholary. P. 263; Anderson. P. 193; Arnold Robert. Geschichte der Deutschen Polinlitteratur: von den Anfogen bis 1800. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1900. P. 168.
730
Camblee Thomas. Poland // David Perkins (ed.), English Romantic Writern. New York: Harcourt, Brace`a World, 1967. P. 603.
731
Lortholary. P. 263–264.
732
Vig'ee-Lebrun Elizabeth. The Memoirs of Elizabeth Vig'ee-Le Brun (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1989). P. 161, 189; Mohrenschildt Dmitri von. Russia in the Intellectual Life of Eighteenth-Century France. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1936. P. 25–26.
733
Vig'ee-Le Brun. P. 208–366; Fabre. P. 552.
734
Cobberr William. Letters to the Right Honourable Lord Hawksbury, 2nd ed. London: Cobbett and Morgan, 1802. P. 82.
735
Kennan George. Memoirs 1925–1950. New york: Pantheon Books, 1967. P. 29–30.
736
Cobbett. P. 83.
737
Kennan. P. 26.
738
Iorga Nicolae. Les Voyageurs Francaise dans l’Orient Europen. Paris: Boivin, 1928. P. 105.
739
Peyssonnel Charles de. Observation historiques et g'eographiques, sur les peuples barbares qui ont habit les bords du Danube `a du Pont Euxin. Paris: Chez N.M.Tillard, 1765. P. 1–2.
740
Ibid. P. 4–7.
741
Ibid. P. 30.
742
Ibid. P. 39.
743
Ibid. P. 50–51.
744
Ibid. P. 194–195.
745
Vaugondy Rober de. Atlas Universel. Vol. 1 Paris, 1757. Maps 4, 12.
746
Anville Jean-Baptiste d’. A Complete Body of Ancient Geography. London: Robert Sayer, 1771. Maps 1, 3.
747
Hartog Franois. The Mirror of Herodotus: The Representation of the Other in the Writing of History. Trans. Janet Lloyd. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1988. P. 30.
748
Lortholary Albert. Le Mirage russe en France au XVIIIe si`ecle. Paris: Boivin, 1951. P. 297, note 87; Gyergyai Albert. Un correspondant hongrois de Voltaire: le comte Fekete de Galanta // Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Vol. 25. Ed.Theodore Besterman. Geneva: Institut et Mus'ee Voltaire, 1963. P. 789.
749
Peyssonnel. P. vii — ix, xv — xvi.
750
Ibid. P. xxxvi — xl.
751
Ibid. P. 9–10, 71.
752
Levesque Pierre-Charles. Histori'e de Russie. Vol. I. Hambourg; Brunswick: Chez Pierre-Francois Fauche, 1800. P. viii — ix.
753
Rulhi`ere Claude Carloman de. Revolutions de Pologne. Vol. I. Ed. Christien Ostrowski. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Fr`eres, 1862. P. 1–2; Levesque. I. P. 1–6.
754
Levesque. I. P. 55–56.
755
Mohrenschildt, Dmitri von. Russia in the Intellectual Life of Eighteenth-Century France. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1936. P.227.
756
Sacy Claude-Louis de. Histoire g'en'erale de Hongrie: Depuis la premi`ere invasion des Huns, jusqu’`a nos jours. Vol. I. Yverdon, 1780. P. vii, xxxi.
757
Iorga. P. 104–108; Darnton Robert. Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France. Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard Univ. Press, 1968. P. 98–100; Carra Jean-Louis. Histori'e de la Moldavie et de la Valachie. Jassy: Socit Typographique des Deux-Points, 1777. P. xvi — xvii, 220.
758
Hauterive Alexandre-Maurice Blanc de Lanautte, comte d’. M'emoire sut l’'etat ancien et actuel de la Moldavie: Pr'esent'e S.A.S le prince Alexandre Ypsilanti, Hospodar r'egnant, en 1787, par le comte d’Hauterive. Bucharest: L’Institut d’arts graphiques Carol Gobi, 1902. P. 20–22.
759
Rousseau Jean-Jacques. Considerations sure le gouvernement de Pologne // Discours sur l’'economie politique, Projet de constitution pour la Corse, Considerations sure le gouvernement de Pologne. Ed. Barabara de Negroni. Paris: Flammarion, 1990. P. 170–17.
760
Hauterive. M'emoire. P. 42–44; Hauterive Alexandre-Maurice Blanc de Lanautte, comte d’ La Moldavie en 1758: faisant suite au journal d’un voyage de Constantinople `a Jassy // M'emoire sut l’'etat ancien et actuel de la Moldavie: Pr'esent'e S.A.S le prince Alexandre Ypsilanti, Hospodar r'egnant, en 1787, par le comte d’Hauterive. Bucharest: L’Institut d’arts graphiques Carol Gubl, 1902. P. 357–358.
761
Hauterive. M'emoire. P. 236.
762
Ibid. P. 176; Hauterive. La Moldavie. P. 359.
763
Hauterive. La Moldavie. P. 331–332.
764
Hauterive. M'emoire. P. 252, 258.
765
Ibid. P. 264–266.
766
Ibid. P. 266–270.
767
Ibid. P. 78.
768
S'egur Louis-Philippe, comte de. M'emoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de S'egur. Vol. I // Biblioth`eque des m'emoires: relatif `a l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e si`ecle. Vol. XIX. Ed. M.Fs. Barri`ere. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Fr`eres, 1859. P. 329–330.
769
Gibbon Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Modern Library, n.d. I. P. 6.
770
Gibbon. I. P. 211–214.
771
Ibid., I. P. 214.
772
Voltaire. Essay sur les moeurs // Oeuvres compl`etes de Voltaire. Vol. III. Paris: Chez Furne, 1835. P. 583.
773
Gibbon. II. P. 245–247, 254, 263.
774
Ibid., II. P. 591.
775
Ibid., II. P. 591–594.
776
Ibid., III. P. 61.
777
Ibid., III. P. 316.
778
Ibid., III. P. 317–318.
779
Ibid., III. P. 318–319, note 8.
780
Ibid., III. P. 321–322.
781
Ibid., III. P. 322–323.
782
Ibid., III. P. 322–323, note 22; Gulya Janos. Some Eighteenth Century Antecedents of Nineteenth Century Linguistics: The Discovery of Finno-Ugrian // Studies in the History of Linguistics: Traditions and Paradigms. Ed. Dell Hymes. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1974. P. 260–263.
783
Gibbon. III. P. 324–326, 329.
784
Ibid., III. P. 330–331, note 45.
785
Ibid., III. P. 332–333, 335, note 58, 337.
786
Ibid., III. P. 343.
787
Ibid., III. P. 343–344; Spadafora David. The Idea of Progress in Eighteenth-Century Britain. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 1990. P. 223–224; Porter Roy. Edward Gibbon: Making History. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1988. Chapter 6. «Civilization, Barbarism, and Progress». P. 135–157.
788
Herder Johann Gottfried. Journal meiner Reise im Jahr 1769. Ed. Katharina Mommsen. Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam, 1976. P. 7.
789
Ibid. P 15.
790
Ibid. P. 38–39.
791
Ibid. P. 77–78.
792
Ibid. P. 80–81.
793
Ibid. P. 90.
794
Ibid. P. 91–92.
795
Ibid. P. 101–102; Bittner Konrad. Die Beurteilung der russischen Politik im 18 Jahrhundert durch Johann Gottfried Herder // Im Geiste Herders. Ed. Erich Keyser. Kitzingen am Main: Holzner-Verlag, 1953. P. 47.
796
Clark Robert T. Herder: His Life and Thought. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1955. P. 60.
797
Bittner. P. 50–51.
798
Ibid. P. 68–69.
799
Herder Johann Gottfried. Von "Ahnlichkeit der mittlern englischen und deutschen Dchtkunst // Herders Werke. Vol. II. Ed. Regine Otto. Berlin; Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag, 1982. P. 472
800
Herder. Von "Ahnlichkeit. P. 290.
801
Rousseau. P. 171–173.
802
Herder Johann Gottfried. Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit // Herders Werke. Vol. IV. Ed. Regine Otto. Berlin; Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag, 1982. P. 385–386.
803
Ibid. P. 393.
804
Ibid. P. 393–395.
805
Ibid. P. 395.
806
Herder Johann Gottfried. Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man. Trans. T. Churchill. New York: Bergman. P. 483–484.
807
Herder. Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte. P. 395.
808
Ibid. P. 396–397.
809
Ibid. P. 463–464.
810
Kant Immanuel. Der Charakter des Volks, Die Anthropologische Charateristik // Schriften zur Anthropologie, Geschichtsphilosophie, Politik, und P"adigogik. 2. Werkausgabe. Vol. XII. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1977. P. 670.
811
Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Vorlesungen "uber die Philosophie der Geschichte // Werke, 12. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1970. P. 422.
812
Fortis Alberto. Travels into Dalmatia: Containing General Observations on the Natural History of that Country and the Neighbouring Island; the Natural Productions, Arts, Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants. London, 1778; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1971. P. iv.
813
Duchet Mich`ele. Anthropologie et Histori'e au si`ecle des lumi`eres: Buffon, Voltaire, Rousseau, Helv'etius, Diderot. Paris: Francois Maspero, 1971. P. 258; Marshall P.J. and Glyndwr Williams. The Great Map of Mankind: British Perception of the World in the Age of Enlightenment. London: J.M. Dent, 1982.; Cochiara, Giuseppe. The History of Folklore in Europe. Trans. John N. McDaniel. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1981.
814
Voltaire. Essai sur les moeurs. P. 607–609.
815
Marshall, P.J. and Glyndwr Williams. The Great Map of Mankind: British Perception of the World in the Age of Enlightenment. London: J.M. Dent, 1982. Ýïèãðàô; Spadafora. P. 253–320.
816
Torcellan Gianfranco. Profilo di Alberto Fortis // Settecento Veneto e altri scritti stoici. Turin: G. Giappichelli, 1969. P. 273–279.
817
Torcellan. P. 283; Voltaire. Essai sur les moeurs. P. 561.
818
Fortis. P. 45–47.
819
Ibid. P. 44.
820
Gibbon. II. P. 593; Fortis. P. 44.
821
Duchet. P. 12.
822
Fortis. P. 51–58.
823
Ibid. P. 60–61.
824
Ibid. P. 61–62.
825
Ginzburg Carlo. Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches’ Sabbath. Trans. Raymond Rosenthal. New York: Pantheon Books, 1991. P. 207–225.
826
Fortis. P. 63.
827
Ibid. P. 66–67, 70–75.
828
Ibid. P. 77, 82.
829
Lovrich Giovanni. Osservazioni di Giovanni Lovrich sopra diversi pezzi del Viaggio in Dalmazia del Signor Abate Alberto Fortis. Venice: Francesco Sansoni, 1776. P. 79, 81, 116.
830
Torcellan. P. 288.
831
Ibid. P. 290–291.
832
Fortis. Ð. 82.
833
Ibid. P. 83.
834
Ibid.
835
Goethe Johann Wolfgang von. Klaggesang: von der edlen Frauen des Asan Aga, aus dem Morlackischen // S"amtliche Werke. Vol.I. Z"urich: Artemis Verlag, 1977. P. 301.
836
A Short History of Yugoslavia. Ed. Stephen Clissold. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1968. P. 119.
837
Boskovich Ruggiero Giuseppe. Giornale di un Viaggo da Constantinipoli in Polonia dell’abate Ruggiero Giuseppe Boskovich. Milan: Giordano Editore, 1966. P. 6, 37–38.
838
Fortis. P. 84; Cocchiara. P. 135–140.
839
Fortis. P. 85.
840
Ibid. P. 86.
841
Ibid.
842
Desnos. L’Europe divis'ee selon l’'etendue de ses principales parties. Paris, 1772; S'egur Louis-Philippe, comte de. M'emoirse, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de S'egur. Vol. II // Biblioth`eque des m'emoires: relatif `a l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e si`ecle. Vol. XX. Ed. M.Fs. Barri`ere. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Fr`eres, 1859. P. 66.
843
Bittner. P. 60.
844
Coxe William. Travels in Poland and Russia // Travels in Poland, Russia. Sweden, and Denmark. 5th ed. London: 1802; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970. I. P. 66.
845
Ibid., I. P. 392–393.
846
Ibid., II. P. 74–75.
847
Fortis. P. 88–89.
848
Arnold Robert. Geschichte der Deutschen Polienlitteratur: von den Anfngen bis 1800. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1900. P. 145.
849
Ibid. P. 52.
850
Ibid. P. 87.
851
Fichte Johann Gottlieb. Briefwechsel. Vol. I. Ed. Hans Schulz (Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1967. P. 171–175.
852
Arnold. P. 8–15, 40–56; Wipperman, Wolfgang. Der „Deutsche Drang nach Osten“; Ideologie und Wirklichkeit eines politischen Schlagwortes. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1981. P. 22.
853
Arnold. P. 27–29, 31–33, 95–96.
854
Fichte. Ð. 175.
855
Ibid. P. 176.
856
Ibid. P. 176–178, 181–183.
857
Schulz Joachim Christoph Friedrich. Reise nach Warschau: Eine Schilderung aus den Jahren 1791–1793. Ed. Klaus Zernack // Polnische Bibliothek. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1982. P. 10–13, 24–25, 32–33.
858
Ibid. P. 348–349.
859
Burleigh Michael. Germany Turns Eastward: A Study of Ostforchung in the Third Reich. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988. P. 26–28, 105–107, 176–179.
860
Herder Johann Gottfried. Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit // Herders Werke. Vol. IV. Ed. Regine Otto. Berlin; Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag, 1982. P. 472.
861
Steiner Gerhard. Georg Forster. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzlersche Verlagbuchhandlung, 1977. P. 8–46.
862
Forster Georg. Briefe // Werke. Vol. IV. Ed. Gerhard Steiner. Frankfurt: Insel Verlag, 1970. P. 320.
863
Arnold. P. 108–109; Wippermann. P. 21.
864
Arnold. P. 109.
865
Ibid. P. 113–114.
866
Forster Georg. Noch etwas "uber die Menschenrassen // Forsters Werke. Vol. I. Berlin; Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag, 1968. P. 3–4, 16–17.
867
Ibid. P. 22, 25.
868
Ibid. P. 33.
869
Fichte. P. 183–184.
870
Schulz. P. 370; Arnold. P. 90.
871
Schulz. P. 40, 43, 68, 70, 136, 177–178.
872
Arnolrd. P. 78, 119–121, 161, 167–177.
873
Ibid. P. 127, 179–181.
874
Ibid. P. 190–191.
875
Ibid. P. 161; G"ussefeld. «Europa». N"urnberg, 1974; G"ussefeld. «Charte von Europa». N"urnberg, 1798.
876
Arnold. P. 113.
877
Hoffmann Leopold. Grosse Wahrheiten und Beweise in einem kleinen Auszuge aus der ungarischen Geschichte. Frankfurt; Leipzig, 1792. P. ii, xi — xii, xvii, xxi, xxv.
878
Fichte. P. 185–187.
879
Arnold. P. 63, 144.
880
Fichte. P. 214.
881
Ibid. P. 196.
882
Ledyard John. John Ledyard’s Journey Through Russia and Siberia 1787–1788: The Journal and Selected Letters. Ed. Stephen D. Watrous. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1966. P. 3–10.
883
Ibid. P. 19.
884
Ibid. P. 123–124.
885
Bassin Mark. Inventing Siberia: Visions of the Russian East in the Early Nineteenth Century // American Historical Review 26, no.3 (June 1991). P. 767–770.
886
Lortholary Albert. Le Mirage russe en France au XVIIIe si`ecle. Paris: Boivin, 1951. P. 112–114; Mohrenschildt Dmitri von. Russia in the Intellectual Life of Eighteenth-Century France. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1936. P. 191–197; Chappe d Auteroche. Voyage en Sib'erie. 4 vols. Paris: Chez Debure, 1768.
887
Ledyard. P. 143.
888
Ibid. P. 144.
889
Ibid. P. 145, 153, 156–158, 161.
890
Ibid. P. 174, 177–178.
891
Ibid. P. 178–180, 193.
892
Duchet Mich`ele. Anthropologie et Histori'e au si`ecle des lumi`eres: Buffon, Voltaire, Rousseau, Helv'etius, Diderot. Paris: Francois Maspero, 1971. P. 258; Marshall P.J. and Glyndwr Williams. The Great Map of Mankind: British Perception of the World in the Age of Enlightenment. London: J.M. Dent, 1982. P. 246; Hume David. Of National Characters // Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary: By David Hume. Vol. I. Ed. Ò.Í. Green, Ò.Í. Grose. London, 1982; rpt. Scientia Verlag Aalen, 1964. P. 252.
893
Ledyard. P. 127.
894
Ibid. P. 144, 164, 177, 182, 194–195.
895
Ibid. P. 145, 180.
896
Ibid. P. 257.
897
Parkinson John. A Tour of Russia and the Crimea 1791–1794. Ed. William Colier. London: Frank Cass, 1971. P. 56, 63, 66, 98, 109, 118, 138.
898
Ibid. P. 148, 151, 153, 188.
899
Ibid. P. 167, 252–253.
900
Ibid. P. 257.
901
Ibid. P. 30–31.
902
Ibid. P. 201–205.
903
Ibid. P. 210.
904
Ibid. P. 211.
905
Ibid. P. 223.
906
Ibid.
907
Ibid. P. 223–224.
908
Ibid. P. 227–228.
909
Ibid. P. 223–224.
910
Ibid. P. 228–229.
911
S'egur Philippe-Paul, comte de. Napoleon’s Russian Campaign. Trans. J. David Townsend. New York: Time/Life Books, 1965. P. 43, 97.
912
Ibid. P. 109, 228–231.
913
Custine Astolphe, marquis de. Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russia. Trans, anonimous, intro George Kennan. New York: Doubleday, 1080. P. 123, 128.
914
Custine. Empire of the Czar. P. 128, 155.
915
Custine Astolphe, marquis de. Journey for Our Time: The Russian Journals of the Marquis de Custine. Trans. Phyllis Penn Kohler, intro Walter Beddel Smith. Washington, D.C.: Gateway Editions, 1987. P. 7, 9, 11.
916
Birke Ernst. Die franz"osische Osteuropa-Politik, 1914–1918 // Zaitschrift fur Ostforschung (1954, Heft 3). P. 322.
917
Seton-Watson R.W. Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Eastern Question. New York: Norton, 1972. P. 75, 244, 267.
918
Sloane William M. The Balkans: A Laboratory of History. New York: Eaton `a Mains, 1914. P. vii.
919
Ibid. P. vii, 3, 56.
920
Nicholson Harold. Peacemaking 1919. New York: Grosset `a Dunlap, 1956. P. 33, 126; ñì. òàêæå: Seton-Watson Hugh; Seton-Watson Chistopher. The Making of a New Europe: R.W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1981; Cassamo Dominico. Presupposti e obiettivi della storiografia sll’Europa orientale // Introduczione alla Storia dell’Europa Orientale. Rome: La Nuova Italia Scientifica, 1991. P. 9–21; Wolff Larry. French Policy Towards Eastern Europe During the First World War: From Dragon de l’Apocalypse to Cordon Sanitaire // Essays in History: The E.C.Barksdale Student Lectures. Arlington, Texas: Phi Alpha Theta, Univ.-of Texas, 1980. P. 177–190.
921
Nicholson. P. 27.
922
Mann Thomas. The Magic Mountain. Trans. H.T. Lowe-Porter. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967. P. 157, 228, 289, 517.
923
Mackenzie Georgena Muir; Irby Paulina. Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey-in-Europe. London: Bell and Daldy, 1867. P. xx, xxix, xxx.
924
West Rebecca. Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: A Journey Through Yugoslavia. Penguin Books, 1982. P. 23, 328, 483; ñìîòðè òàêæå Wolff Larry. Rebeca West // The New York Times Book Review (February 10, 1991).
925
West. P. 662.
926
Burleigh Michael. Germany Turns Eastward: A Study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988. P. 137, 151, 167, 242; ñì. òàêæå ðåöåíçèþ Ëàððè Âóëüôà íà ýòó êíèãó â: Harvard Ukranian Studies 15, no. 3/4 (December 1991). P. 456–459.
927
Burleigh. P. 306.
928
Palmer R.R., Colton Joel. The Transformation of Eastern Europe, 1648–1740 // A History of Modern World, 3rd. Ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965. P. 174.
929
Chubb Thomas Coldecott. Slavic Peoples. Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1962. P. 105.
930
Fleming Ian. From Russia with Love. London: Pan Books, 1959. P. 142, 184.
931
New York Times, 22 August 1991. P. 1; Neue Z"urcher Zeitung, 7/8 September 1991. P. 1; Corriere della Sera, 8 September 1991, Corriere Cultura. P. 5; Boston Phoenix, 13 September 1991, Section 1. P. 32–33.
932
New York Times, 25 March 1992. P. 1; 8 April 1992. P. 1; 24 May 1992. P. 10.
933
Gorbachev Mikhail. Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World. New York: Harper `a Row, Perenial Library, 1988. P. 177.
934
Milosz Czesiaw. Native Realm: A Search for Self Definition. Trans. Catherine S. Leach. New York: Doubleday, 1968. P. 2.
935
Tolstoy Leo. War and Peace. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1982. P. 843, 1034.
936
Ibid. P. 1343–1344, 1401.